Author details
Author's Published Works
Scheduled Maintenance on Monday 1/13/2025
Single article sales and account management will be unavailable from 5:00 AM - 7:00 PM ET (09:00 - 23:00 UTC). We apologize for the inconvenience.
Author details
Showing 1-25 of 25 results
- Sort
Sort By
Results
Variations and characteristics of dynamic Hohlraums on Z
T.W.L. Sanford;R.W. Lemke;R.C. Mock;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;D.E. Hebron;R.J. Leeper;T.A. Mehlhorn;T.J. Nash;C.L. Ruiz;S.A. Slutz;K.W. Struve;D.L. Peterson;R.E. Chrien;G.C. Idzorek;R.G. Watt
Summary form only given. Dynamic Hohlraums are being developed on Z as intense sources of X-rays for high-energy density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) applications. Current drivers in use for these applications consist of nested arrays of tungsten wires. The arrays form a plasma shell, which implodes on a low-opacity cylindrical target centered at the z-axis. The high-atomic...Show More
Study of moderate-Z pinch performance relevant to high current drivers
G.C. Idzorek;R.E. Chrien;D.L. Peterson;R.G. Watt;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;T.W.L. Sanford
Summary form only given, as follows. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the performance of moderate-Z loads with higher current machines. In particular, the scaling of radiation emission with masses and velocities ranging from 0.5 mg/cm to 30 mg/cm, and from 30 cm/μs to 60 cm/μs respectively, have been considered. Such values are consistent with peak currents above 8 MA. Th...Show More
Spectral output of Z-machine implosions
G.C. Idzorek;R.E. Chrien;D.L. Peterson;R.G. Watt;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;T.W.L. Sanford
Sandia National Laboratories Z-machine has developed into a reproducible, high power (> 200 TW), high temperature (> 200 eV) driver for radiation physics experiments. Imploding cylindrical wire arrays on the Z-machine produce a radiation source with a bolometric temperature of about 200 eV. By surrounding the z-pinch implosion with a vacuum hohlraum a nearly Planckian source of about 140 eV temper...Show More
Recent progress in static-wall hohlraum development for ICF studies
T.W.L. Sanford;R.E. Olson;J.E. Bailey;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;D.E. Hebron;J.S. Lash;R.J. Leeper;R.C. Mock;T.J. Nash;J.L. Porter;L.E. Ruggles;C.L. Ruiz;W.W. Simpson;K.W. Struve;R.A. Vesey;R.L. Bowers;R.E. Chrien;G.C. Idzorek;W. Matsuka;D.L. Peterson;R.G. Watt;R.R. Peterson;N.F. Roderick;D.B. Reisman
ICOPS 2000. IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 27th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (Cat. No.00CH37087)
Year: 2000 | Conference Paper |
Summary form only given. Radiation environments characteristic of those encountered during the low-temperature foot pulse and subsequent higher-temperature early-step pulses required for indirect-drive ICF ignition on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are desired in order to provide a platform to better understand the dynamics of NIF hohlraums and capsules prior to NIF completion. In this paper...Show More
Recent progress in static-wall hohlraum development for ICF studies
T.W.L. Sanford;R.E. Olson;J.E. Bailey;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;D.E. Hebron;J.S. Lash;R.J. Leeper;R.C. Mock;T.J. Nash;J.L. Porter;L.E. Ruggles;C.L. Ruiz;W.W. Simpson;K.W. Struve;R.A. Vesey;R.L. Bowers;R.E. Chrien;G.C. Idzorek;W. Matsuka;D.L. Peterson;R.G. Watt;R.R. Peterson;N.F. Roderick;D.B. Reisman
Year: 2000 | Conference Paper |
Dynamic hohlraum and ICF pellet implosion experiments on Z
T.J. Nash;M.S. Derzon;G.A. Chandler;R. Leeper;D. Fehl;J. Lash;C. Ruiz;S. Slutz;G. Cooper;J.F. Seaman;J. McGurn;S. Lazier;J. Torres;D. Jobe;T. Gilliland;R. Mock;P. Ryan;D. Nielsen;J. Armijo;J. McKenney;R. Hawn;D. Hebron;D. Petersen;R. Bowers;W. Matuska
Summary form only given, as follows. By stabilizing an imploding z-pinch on Z (20 MA, 100 ns) with a solid current return can and a nested wire array we have achieved dynamic hohlraum radiation temperatures over 200 eV at a diameter of approximately 1 mm. The pinch configuration yielding this temperature is a nested tungsten wire array of 240 and 120 wires at 4 and 2 cm diameters weighing 2 and 1 ...Show More
Dynamic hohlraum and ICF pellet implosion experiments on Z
T.J. Nash;M.S. Derzon;G.A. Chandler;R. Leeper;D. Fehl;J. Lash;C. Ruiz;S. Slutz;G. Cooper;J.F. Seaman;J. McGurn;S. Lazier;J. Torres;D. Jobe;T. Gilliland;R. Mock;P. Ryan;D. Nielsen;J. Armijo;J. McKenney;R. Hawn;D. Hebron;D. Petersen;R. Bowers;W. Matuska
Tailoring the radiation drive in dynamic hohlraums
M.S. Derzon;T.J. Nash;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;R.J. Leeper;J. Aubrey;R. Bowers;D. Petersen;D.D. Ryutov;J.J. MacFarlane
Summary form only given, as follows. At the Sandia Z-facility, we have created a condition where the imploding pinch interacting with an inner target creates an intense radiation field or dynamic hohlraum environment. By tailoring the characteristics of this inner target the time-dependent temperature of the dynamic hohlraum can be varied. This control over the temperature history is necessary for...Show More
Radiation history and energy coupling to cylindrical target on the Z machine
J. Aubrey;R.L. Bowers;D.L. Peterson;G.A. Chandler;M.S. Derzon;T.J. Nash;D.L. Fehl
Summary form only given, as follows. A series of experiments have been designed and fielded on the Sandia Z machine to characterize the radiation history and energy coupling to cylindrical targets embedded in a central cushion. The implosion of a nested wire array, which has produced temperatures of 230 eV in a central cushion (flying radiation case/dynamic hohlraum), is used as a source, in the c...Show More
Foot-pulse radiation drive necessary for ICF ignition capsule demonstrated on Z generator
T.W.L. Sanford;R.E. Olson;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;J.S. Lash;R.J. Leeper;L. Ruggles;K.W. Struve;R.A. Vesey;M.S. Derzon;T.J. Nash;W.A. Stygar;R.C. Mock;D.E. Hebron;T.L. Gilliland;D.O. Jobe;J.S. McGurn;J.F. Seamen;W. Simpson;J.A. Torres;M.F. Vargars;D.L. Peterson
Summary form only given. Implosion and ignition of an indirectly-driven ICF capsule operating near a Fermi-degenerate isentrope requires initial Planckian-radiation-drive temperatures of 70-to-90 eV to be present for a duration of 10-to-15 ns prior to the main drive pulse. Such capsules are being designed for high pulsed-power generators such as X1. This foot-pulse drive capability has been recent...Show More
Foot-pulse radiation drive necessary for ICF ignition capsule demonstrated on Z generator
T.W.L. Sanford;R.E. Olson;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;J.S. Lash;R.J. Leeper;L. Ruggles;K.W. Struve;R.A. Vesey;M.S. Derzon;T.J. Nash;W.A. Stygar;R.C. Mock;D.E. Hebron;T.L. Gilliland;D.O. Jobe;J.S. McGurn;J.F. Seamen;W. Simpson;J.A. Torres;M.F. Vargars;D.L. Peterson
Wire number doubling in high-wire-number regime increases Z-accelerator X-ray power
T.W.L. Sanford;R.B. Spielman;G.O. Allshouse;G.A. Chandler;D.L. Fehl;W.A. Stygar;K.W. Struve;C. Deeney;T.J. Nash;J.F. Seamen;R.C. Mock;T.L. Gilliland;J.S. McGurn;D.O. Jobe
Doubling the number of tungsten wires from 120 to 240, keeping the mass fixed, increased the radiated X-ray power relative to the electrical power at the insulator stack of the Z accelerator by (35/spl plusmn/15)% for 8.75- and 20-mm radii Z-pinch wire arrays. One-dimensional radiation magneto hydrodynamic calculations suggest that the arrays were operating in a quasi "plasma-shed" regime, where t...Show More
Pulsed power fusion program update
J.P. Quintenz;R.G. Adams;G.O. Allshouse;J.E. Bailey;D.D. Bloomquist;G.A. Chandler;R.S. Coats;D.L. Cook;M.E. Cuneo;C. Deeney;M.S. Derzon;M.P. Desjarlais;M.R. Douglas;D.L. Fehl;A.B. Filuk;T.A. Haill;D.L. Hanson;D.J. Johnson;M.L. Kiefer;J.S. Lash;R.J. Leeper;B.M. Marder;M.K. Matzen;D.H. McDaniel;E.J. McGuire;T.A. Mehlhorn;L.P. Mix;A.R. Moats;T.J. Nash;C.L. Olson;R.E. Olson;T.D. Pointon;J.L. Porter;C.L. Ruiz;T.W.L. Sanford;J.F. Seamen;D.B. Seidel;S.A. Slutz;R.B. Spielman;W.A. Stygar;M.A. Sweeney;R.A. Vesey;D.F. Wenger
12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)
Year: 1998 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (1)
The US Department of Energy has supported a substantial research program in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) since the early 1970s. Over the ensuing 25 years, pulsed power approaches to inertial fusion have remained of interest primarily because of the high energy, efficiency, and relatively low cost of the technology when compared to the mainline ICF approach involving large glass lasers. These ...Show More
Pulsed power fusion program update
J.P. Quintenz;R.G. Adams;G.O. Allshouse;J.E. Bailey;D.D. Bloomquist;G.A. Chandler;R.S. Coats;D.L. Cook;M.E. Cuneo;C. Deeney;M.S. Derzon;M.P. Desjarlais;M.R. Douglas;D.L. Fehl;A.B. Filuk;T.A. Haill;D.L. Hanson;D.J. Johnson;M.L. Kiefer;J.S. Lash;R.J. Leeper;B.M. Marder;M.K. Matzen;D.H. McDaniel;E.J. McGuire;T.A. Mehlhorn;L.P. Mix;A.R. Moats;T.J. Nash;C.L. Olson;R.E. Olson;T.D. Pointon;J.L. Porter;C.L. Ruiz;T.W.L. Sanford;J.F. Seamen;D.B. Seidel;S.A. Slutz;R.B. Spielman;W.A. Stygar;M.A. Sweeney;R.A. Vesey;D.F. Wenger
Characteristics of Al:Mg alloy wire array Z-pinches on the Z generator
T.W.L. Sanford;G.A. Chandler;C. Deeney;D.L. Fehl;N.J. Nash;R.C. Spielman;W.A. Stygar;K.W. Struve;R.C. Mock;T.F. Gilliland;D.O. Jobe;J.S. McGurn;J.F. Seamen;J.A. Torres;M. Vargas;J.P. Apruzese;P.E. Pulsifer;K.G. Whitney;D.L. Peterson
Summary form only given. The characteristics of 95% Al:5% Mg alloy wire-array z-pinches formed by the Z generator and their associated X-ray emission are discussed. The arrays consisted of 180 to 266 wires, with each wire being 20-mm long and mounted at radii of 15, 20, or 25 mm. The implosion time of the loads explored was maintained at /spl sim/106 ns (the time which maximized the energy couplin...Show More
Characteristics of Al:Mg alloy wire array Z-pinches on the Z generator
T.W.L. Sanford;G.A. Chandler;C. Deeney;D.L. Fehl;N.J. Nash;R.C. Spielman;W.A. Stygar;K.W. Struve;R.C. Mock;T.F. Gilliland;D.O. Jobe;J.S. McGurn;J.F. Seamen;J.A. Torres;M. Vargas;J.P. Apruzese;P.E. Pulsifer;K.G. Whitney;D.L. Peterson
K shell radiation physics in the ultrahigh optical depth pinches of the Z generator
J.P. Apruzese;P.E. Pulsifer;J. Davis;R.W. Clark;K.G. Whitney;J.W. Thornhill;T.W.L. Sanford;G.A. Chandler;C. Deeney;D.L. Fehl;T.J. Nash;R.B. Spielman;W.A. Stygar;K.W. Struve;R.C. Mock;T.L. Gilliland;D.O. Jobe;J.S. McGurn;J.F. Seamen;J.A. Torres;M. Vargas
Summary form only given. The 60 TW Z generator at Sandia National Laboratories is unique in its ability to strip multi-mg Al plasmas to the Hand He-like ionization stages. Such large plasma masses can produce optical depths in the principal K shell lines of 10/sup 3/. Thus, Z can serve as a unique laboratory facility at which radiation interactions and transport can be studied in a dense medium of...Show More
K shell radiation physics in the ultrahigh optical depth pinches of the Z generator
J.P. Apruzese;P.E. Pulsifer;J. Davis;R.W. Clark;K.G. Whitney;J.W. Thornhill;T.W.L. Sanford;G.A. Chandler;C. Deeney;D.L. Fehl;T.J. Nash;R.B. Spielman;W.A. Stygar;K.W. Struve;R.C. Mock;T.L. Gilliland;D.O. Jobe;J.S. McGurn;J.F. Seamen;J.A. Torres;M. Vargas
Scaling of nested wire array Z-pinches on the Z accelerator
C. Deeney;M.R. Douglas;R.B. Spieiman;T.J. Nash;G.A. Chandler;D. Fehl;T. Gilliland;J.F. Seamen;D.L. Peterson;P. L'Eplanttier;R. Bennatlar;A.I. Velikovich;R.E. Terry;J. Davis
Summary form only given, as follows. Davis et al. (1997) Douglas et al. (1997) and Hammer et al. (1997) have shown the advantages of nested configurations for high current Z-pinches. Experiments have begun on the 20-MA Z accelerator to study these configurations using two nested wire arrays. For the first set of experiments, the outer array was chosen to be a 40 mm diameter with 240 wires which ha...Show More
Summary form only given. Sandia National Laboratories' recently upgraded (Shot 1 September 9, 1996) Z machine has rapidly matured into a high power (>200 TW) high temperature (>120 eV) driver for radiation physics experiments. One of the methods used to determine the driver conditions are arrays of filtered silicon photodiodes (SiD) and filtered photocathode X-ray diodes (XRD). Three different tec...Show More
Optimization of array radius, mass and wire number for tungsten arrays
C. Deeney;D.L. Peterson;R.B. Spielman;T. Nash;G. Chandler;M.R. Douglas;D. Fehl;J. Seaman;K. Struve;W.A. Stygar;J. McGurn;D. Jobe;T. Gilliland;J. Torres;R. Mock;T.W.L. Sanford;M.K. Matzen
IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 1997 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science
Year: 1997 | Conference Paper |
Summary form only given. On the 7-MA Saturn generator, we produced 4-ns duration, 75 TW X-ray power pulses using tungsten wire arrays. The radiated power increased as the wire number increased, as the velocity increased and/or as the wire size decreased. 2-D, 3-T radiation MHD calculations indicated that the wire size decrease could be represented by a decrease in the initial seeding of R-T instab...Show More
Wire-array initiation and interwire-plasma merger concerns in PBFA-Z tungsten Z-pinch implosions
T.W.L. Sanford;R.B. Spielman;G.O. Allshouse;B.M. Marder;K.W. Struve;G.A. Chandler;C. Deeney;D.L. Fehl;T.J. Nash;W.A. Stygar;R.C. Mock;J.F. Seaman;J.S. McGurn;D.O. Jobe;T.L. Gilliland;A.R. Moats;J.A. Torres;M. Vargas;M.K. Matzen;D.L. Peterson
IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 1997 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science
Year: 1997 | Conference Paper |
Summary form only given. Experiments with annular wire-array loads to generate high quality, high-power, Z-pinch implosions on Saturn have shown the importance of maintaining azimuthal symmetry and how the individual wire plasmas merge to form a plasma shell. We discuss the impact of current symmetry, current prepulse, interwire spacing, and wire size on generating high-quality, high-power, Z-pinc...Show More
Wire-array initiation and interwire-plasma merger concerns in PBFA-Z tungsten Z-pinch implosions
T.W.L. Sanford;R.B. Spielman;G.O. Allshouse;B.M. Marder;K.W. Struve;G.A. Chandler;C. Deeney;D.L. Fehl;T.J. Nash;W.A. Stygar;R.C. Mock;J.F. Seaman;J.S. McGurn;D.O. Jobe;T.L. Gilliland;A.R. Moats;J.A. Torres;M. Vargas;M.K. Matzen;D.L. Peterson
Year: 1997 | Conference Paper |
Determining the effects of wire diameter in tungsten wire array implosions
C. Deeney;M.R. Douglas;D.L. Peterson;R.B. Spielman;T. Nash;G.A. Chandler;D. Fehl;J. Seaman;K. Struve;W.A. Stygar;J. McGurn;D. Jobe;T. Gilliland;J. Torres;R. Mock;T.W.L. Sanford;M.K. Matzen
IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 1997 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science
Year: 1997 | Conference Paper |
Summary form only given, as follows. Initial experiments with 40-mm, 120 and 240 wire arrays on the 18-MA PBFAZ generator have produced 1.85 MJ, 160TW of X-ray power in a 8.5 ns pulse. These experiments and experiments on Saturn indicated that the pulsewidth was primarily being determined by the diameter of the individual wires. Two dimensional rad-MHD calculations suggest that the thinner the wir...Show More
A pulsed-laser X-ray source for X-ray diagnostic calibration
A.R. Moats;F. Camacho;S. Carneron;D.L. Fehl;C. Martinez;J. Porter;L. Ruggles;R. Spielman
IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 1997 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science
Year: 1997 | Conference Paper |
Summary form only given. We are now performing imploding annular wire-array experiments on the PBFA-Z accelerator. The experimental diagnostics include X-ray diode detectors (XRDs), photoconducting diode detectors (PCDs), and X-ray pinhole cameras both time-integrating and time-dependent. We have set up a pulsed-laser x-ray source for calibration of these diagnostics. A pulsed 10-joule Nd:YAG lase...Show More
Characterization Of A Two-dimensional, Thermoluminescent, Dose-mapping System: Uniformity, Reproducibility, And Calibrations
D.L. Fehl;D.J. Muron;D.W. Vehar;L.J. Lorence;R.L. Westfall;S.C. Jones;J.A. Sweet;P. Braunlich
Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 21st International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS)
Year: 1994 | Conference Paper |
First Page of the Article
Show MoreDosimetry Considerations For The High-energy Photon/electron Environment Of Hermes III: Implications For Experiments And Modeling
D.E. Beutler;J.A. Halbleib;T.T.L. Sanford;D.L. Fehl;D.P. Knott
Measurements of energy deposition as a function of equilibrator thickness and position in the HERMES III radiation field are compared to ITS code predictions. These measurements demonstrate the combined photon/electron nature of the radiation field and the importance of the electron field in both measurements and calculations.
Show More
First Page of the Article
Show MoreDosimetry considerations for the high-energy photon/electron environment of HERMES III: implications for experiments and modeling
D.E. Beutler;J.A. Halbleib;T.W.L. Sanford;D.L. Fehl;D.P. Knott
Measurements of energy deposition as a function of equilibrator thickness and position in the HERMES III radiation field are compared to ITS code predictions. These measurements demonstrate the combined photon/electron nature of the radiation field and the importance of the electron field in both measurements and calculations.<>Show More
New diagnostic developments for intense ion beam measurements on PBFA II
R. J. Leeper;W. A. Stygar;J. Maenchen;J. E. Bailey;G. T. Baldwin;D. D. Bloomquist;A. L. Carlson;G. Chandler;G. Cooper;M. S. Derzon;R. J. Dukart;D. L. Fehl;D. E. Hebron;D. J. Johnson;A. B. Jones;A. K. Jones;R. P. Kensek;G. W. Kuswa;C. L. Landron;P. Lake;J. R. Lee;T. R. Lockner;C. R. Mattson;M. K. Matzen;T. A. Mehlhorn;L. P. Mix;D. J. Muron;W. E. Nelson;D. D. Noack;K. J. Penn;F. C. Perry;P. Reyes;C. E. Robinson;C. L. Ruiz;P. Sawyer;A. Schmidlapp;W. F. Stearns;R. W. Stinnett;B. Sujka;G. Torres;J. Torres;D. F. Wenger
1990 8th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams
Year: 1990 | Conference Paper |
A new diagnostic package has been developed for the Sandia National Laboratories' PBFA-II accelerator. The package—which emphasizes off-axis Rutherford-scattering measurements—includes the following: off- and on-axis multi-frame dE/dx ion pinhole cameras, an off-axis energy-resolved ion movie camera, an on-axis time-resolved ion movie camera, an off- or on-axis time-resolved Rutherford magnetic sp...Show More
New diagnostic developments for intense ion beam measurements on PBFA II
R. J. Leeper;W. A. Stygar;J. Maenchen;J. E. Bailey;G. T. Baldwin;D. D. Bloomquist;A. L. Carlson;G. Chandler;G. Cooper;M. S. Derzon;R. J. Dukart;D. L. Fehl;D. E. Hebron;D. J. Johnson;A. B. Jones;A. K. Jones;R. P. Kensek;G. W. Kuswa;C. L. Landron;P. Lake;J. R. Lee;T. R. Lockner;C. R. Mattson;M. K. Matzen;T. A. Mehlhorn;L. P. Mix;D. J. Muron;W. E. Nelson;D. D. Noack;K. J. Penn;F. C. Perry;P. Reyes;C. E. Robinson;C. L. Ruiz;P. Sawyer;A. Schmidlapp;W. F. Stearns;R. W. Stinnett;B. Sujka;G. Torres;J. Torres;D. F. Wenger
Year: 1990 | Conference Paper |
A time-resolved pinhole camera has been constructed to diagnose the x-ray emitting source of the SATURN accelerator. The detector for the camera is a 20-channel, linear array of plastic scintillators, placed beneath adjustable jaws; optical signals are connected by fiber-optic links to a remote bank of photomultiplier (PM) tubes. Variations in the channel to-channel response have been reduced by e...
Show More
First Page of the Article
Show MoreScalability of light ion beams to reach fusion conditions
G. W. Kuswa;J. P. Quintenz;D. B. Seidel;D. J. Johnson;C. W. Mendel;E. J. T. Burns;D. Fehl;R. J. Leeper;F. C. Perry;P. A. Miller;M. M. Widner;A. V. Farnsworth
1981 4th International Topical Conference on High-Power Electron and Ion Beam Research & Technology
Year: 1981 | Conference Paper |
Two variations of an intense ion beam diode having magnetic insulation generated either by an external capacitor bank (radial ion diode) or by diode curent passing through coil-like vanes, (AMPFION) are described. Advantages in energy delivery and focusability make AMPFION the best candidate for attaining ignition.Show More
Progress toward fusion with particle beams
G. W. Kuswa;K. W. Bieg;E. J. T. Burns;J. T. Chang;M. J. Clauser;A. V. Farnsworth;D. L. Fehl;S. Humphries;D. J. Johnson;R. J. Leeper;C. W. Mendel;P. A. Miller;L. P. Mix;J. N. Olsen;F. C. Perry;J. W. Poukey;J. P. Quintenz;T. P. Wright
1979 3rd International Topical Conference on High-Power Electron and Ion Beam Research & Technology
Year: 1979 | Conference Paper |
Light ion beams offer the ideal means for fusion pellet ignition. The energy of light ion beams accelerated by readily obtainable, efficient, pulse power sources can be deposited in pellets without the enhanced deposition required of electron beams or the complex absorption and transport physics that attend laser light. The preheat of pellet fuel and pusher regions is minimal because the productio...Show More
IEEE Account
Purchase Details
Profile Information
Need Help?
- US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333
- Worldwide: +1 732 981 0060
- Contact & Support
- About IEEE Xplore
- Contact Us
- Help
- Accessibility
- Terms of Use
- Nondiscrimination Policy
- Sitemap
- Privacy & Opting Out of Cookies
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
© Copyright 2025 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.