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TanDEM-X: The 4D Mission Phase for Earth Surface Dynamics: Science activities highlights and new data products after 15 years of bistatic operations
Irena Hajnsek;Thomas Busche;Sahra Abdullahi;Markus Bachmann;Stefan V. Baumgartner;Allan Bojarski;Jose-Luis Bueso-Bello;Thomas Esch;Thomas Fritz;Alberto Alonso-Gonzalez;Carolina Gonzalez;Lanqing Huang;Thomas Kraus;Marie Lachaise;Shiyi Li;Francisco Lopez Dekker;Kathrin Maier;Michele Martone;Pietro Milillo;Josef Mittermayer;Matteo Nannini;Konstantinos Papathanassiou;Matteo Pardini;Muriel Pinheiro;Pau Prats-Iraola;Paola Rizzoli;Marc Rodriguez-Cassola;Achim Roth;Maximilian Schandri;Rolf Scheiber;Ulrich Steinbrecher;Barbara Schweisshelm;Michelangelo Villano;Leena Julia Warmedinger;Birgit Wessel;Gerhard Krieger;Manfred Zink;Alberto Moreira
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine
Year: 2025 | Early Access Article |
The main goal of the TerraSAR-X Add-On for Digital Elevation Measurements (TanDEM-X) mission is the generation of a global digital elevation model (DEM) of unprecedented accuracy and coverage. The global TanDEM-X DEM product became available in 2016, surpassed all expectations, and became a reference for a wide range of Earth science, commercial, and geospatial applications. In addition, new infor...Show More
TanDEM-X: The 4D Mission Phase for Earth Surface Dynamics: Science activities highlights and new data products after 15 years of bistatic operations
Irena Hajnsek;Thomas Busche;Sahra Abdullahi;Markus Bachmann;Stefan V. Baumgartner;Allan Bojarski;Jose-Luis Bueso-Bello;Thomas Esch;Thomas Fritz;Alberto Alonso-Gonzalez;Carolina Gonzalez;Lanqing Huang;Thomas Kraus;Marie Lachaise;Shiyi Li;Francisco Lopez Dekker;Kathrin Maier;Michele Martone;Pietro Milillo;Josef Mittermayer;Matteo Nannini;Konstantinos Papathanassiou;Matteo Pardini;Muriel Pinheiro;Pau Prats-Iraola;Paola Rizzoli;Marc Rodriguez-Cassola;Achim Roth;Maximilian Schandri;Rolf Scheiber;Ulrich Steinbrecher;Barbara Schweisshelm;Michelangelo Villano;Leena Julia Warmedinger;Birgit Wessel;Gerhard Krieger;Manfred Zink;Alberto Moreira
Year: 2025 | Early Access Article |
Interchannel Antenna Pattern Correction for Azimuth Digital Beamforming in Airborne SAR
Juan Pablo Navarro Castillo;Rolf Scheiber;Marc Jäger;Alberto Moreira
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters
Year: 2025 | Early Access Article |
High-Resolution Wide Swath (HRWS) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems are normally designed to have identical antenna patterns in each receive channel. Nevertheless, due to different factors, this condition might not be satisfied, resulting in a multichannel radar system with different antenna patterns. This paper studies the impact of these relative antenna differences on the performance of a ...Show More
Subaperture Motion-Adaptive Reconstruction Techniques for Digital Beamforming Airborne SAR
Juan Pablo Navarro Castillo;Rolf Scheiber;Marc Jäger;Alberto Moreira
The use of airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to demonstrate high-resolution wide swath (HRWS) operational modes in spaceborne SAR missions has supported the development of advanced digital beamforming (DBF) techniques. In doing so, one of the challenges to overcome is the temporal variation of the antenna phase centers in the airborne DBF SAR scenario, which significantly degrades the perfor...Show More
Concurrent SAR Imaging With F-Scan: Timing Design and Performance Prediction
João Pedro Turchetti Ribeiro;Thomas Kraus;Markus Bachmann;Renato Machado;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
The recently proposed frequency scanning (F-Scan) technique, together with the new International Telecommunication Union (ITU) allocation of 1200 MHz in X-band, enables the improvement of important performance parameters of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) acquisitions, such as the swath width, the signal-to-noise ratio, and the range ambiguity-to-signal ratio. The concurrent imaging technique, in t...Show More
GNSS-Based Phase Synchronization for Bistatic and Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar
Eduardo Rodrigues-Silva;Marc Rodriguez-Cassola;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
The feasibility of single-pass interferometric or multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mission concepts largely relies on the ability to achieve the matching of the carrier phase of the different radar instruments of the constellations within a few degrees. We put forward a phase synchronization scheme in which the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver and the radar payload shar...Show More
Mixing Matrix Calibration for BSS Range Ambiguity Suppression in Multichannel SAR Systems
Ershad Junus Amin;Gerhard Krieger;Marwan Younis;Federica Bordoni;Alberto Moreira
A significant level of range ambiguity disturbance may affect high-resolution wide-swath spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems with multiple elevation receive beams. To overcome this limitation, a promising approach, based on the higher order blind source separation (BSS), was recently proposed. This method, denoted as range ambiguity BSS (RABSS), demonstrates outstanding range ambigui...Show More
A 2-D Range Ambiguity Suppression Method Based on Blind Source Separation for Multichannel SAR Systems
Ershad Junus Amin;Gerhard Krieger;Marwan Younis;Federica Bordoni;André Barros Cardoso da Silva;Alberto Moreira
Advanced multichannel spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems with multiple elevation beams allow for obtaining high-resolution and wide-swath SAR images. However, the degradation of the SAR image quality due to range ambiguities is still an issue. In this article, the range-ambiguity problem is analytically modeled and solved by employing a range-time and Doppler-frequency dependent mix...Show More
On the Equivalence of LEO-SAR Constellations and Complex High-Orbit SAR Systems for the Monitoring of Large-Scale Processes
Jalal Matar;Marc Rodriguez-Cassola;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
High Earth orbit synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems offer high temporal sampling and moderate spatial resolution on a global scale, potentially outperforming conventional low Earth orbit (LEO) systems in revisit times. However, this requires complex system architectures such as burst operation modes with multiple subswaths, large antennas, and digital beamforming. Similar temporal sampling and...Show More
Multi-Static Synthetic Aperture Radar for Earth Monitoring: Challenges, Innovative Solutions, and Demonstrations Using Swarms of Drones
Michelangelo Villano;Víctor Mustieles-Pérez;Thomas Börner;Maxwell Nogueira Peixoto;Nertjana Ustalli;Josef Mittermayer;Alberto Moreira;Sumin Kim;Francesca Scala;Gerhard Krieger
2023 8th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR)
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an essential tool for Earth observation applications. By combining multiple SAR images taken from different viewing angles, precise digital elevation models and high-resolution tomograms can be created, revealing the three-dimensional structure of vegetation, ice, and dry soil. Currently, such images are typically acquired sequentially, impacting produc...Show More
Multi-Static Synthetic Aperture Radar for Earth Monitoring: Challenges, Innovative Solutions, and Demonstrations Using Swarms of Drones
Michelangelo Villano;Víctor Mustieles-Pérez;Thomas Börner;Maxwell Nogueira Peixoto;Nertjana Ustalli;Josef Mittermayer;Alberto Moreira;Sumin Kim;Francesca Scala;Gerhard Krieger
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Venus Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Instrument Performance and Options
Marwan Younis;Marc Rodriguez Cassola;Michelangelo Villano;Pau Prats;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira;Marie Lachaise;Thomas Fritz;Dragana Perkovic-Martin;Eva Peral;Scott Hensley
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
The Venus Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (VISAR) is one of two instruments carried by the VERITAS Discovery Mission to Venus that was selected by NASA in 2021 [1] , [2] . VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, Insar, Topography And Spectroscopy) is a partnership between scientists and engineers at NASA/JPL in an international cooperation with the Germany Aerospace Center (DLR), the It...Show More
Potential of Multi-Static SAR Systems for Earth Monitoring and Their Demonstration Using Swarms of Drones
Michelangelo Villano;Maxwell Nogueira Peixoto;Sumin Kim;Víctor Mustieles Pérez;Nertjana Ustalli;Josef Mittermayer;Thomas Börner;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (4)
Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an essential tool for Earth observation. The combination of multiple SAR images taken from different viewing angles allows forming accurate digital elevation models and high-resolution tomograms that unveil the three-dimensional structure of vegetation, ice, and dry soil. Whereas nowadays such images are mostly acquired sequentially, compromising produc...Show More
A Novel Technique to Generate Digital Elevation Models in a Single Pass Using a Cluster of Smallsats
Maxwell Nogueira Peixoto;Michelangelo Villano;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira;Christian Waldschmidt
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (1)
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry is an essential remote sensing technique with a wide range of applications. Studying and monitoring dynamic processes on the Earth’s surface requires digital elevation models (DEMs) at short time intervals, making distributed and multi-static SAR systems a very promising solution to this need. This work introduces a concept for distributed SAR interfer...Show More
Spaceborne Multi-Baseline Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging
Alberto Moreira;Pau Prats-Iraola;Matteo Nannini;Gustavo Daniel Martín-Del-Campo-Becerra;Matteo Pardini;Konstantinos Papathanassiou;Andreas Reigber
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (1)
This paper provides an overview of the state of the art and an outlook on future developments of spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems with multi-baseline imaging capability, such as 3D differential SAR interferometry (3D-DinSAR), polarimetric SAR interferometry (Pol-InSAR), tomography (TomoSAR), and holography (HoloSAR). The goal is to fill the multidimensional data space with additio...Show More
Fuel-Efficient Formation Strategies for Cross-Track Multistatic SAR Constellations
Eduardo Rodrigues Silva Filho;Marc Rodriguez-Cassola;Reuben Katz;Jalal Matar;Alberto Moreira
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
The effectiveness of swath reconstruction algorithms in cross-track multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) constellations heavily relies on the precise positioning of individual spacecrafts. Ideally, a static array configuration is desired, where the satellites are evenly distributed in a Local Vertical Local Horizontal (LVLH) frame, emulating a fixed antenna. However, achieving this ideal con...Show More
A LEO-SAR Constellation Equivalent to an Interferometric Geosynchronous Mission
Jalal Matar;Marc Rodriguez-Cassola;Eduardo Rodrigues Silva Filho;Nida Sakar;Valeria Gracheva;Martin Suess;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (SAR) missions offer the advantage of conducting multiple sub-daily interferometric acquisitions using a single platform. However, this comes at the expense of increased fuel and power budgets, due to the significant distance to Earth’s surface. Consequently, such missions are suited for delivering SAR products with relatively lower spatial resolutions, typi...Show More
On the Performance of Swath Reconstruction Algorithms for Multistatic SAR Constellations: a Sensitivity Analysis
Marc Rodriguez-Cassola;Phuong Mai Nguyen Thi;Gerhard Krieger;Jalal Matar;Nida Sakar;Eduardo Rodrigues Silva Filho;Alberto Moreira
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
A Robust Data-Based Clock Synchronisation Algorithm for Multi-Channel SAR Systems
Marc Rodriguez-Cassola;Eduardo Rodrigues Silva Filho;Pau Prats;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (1)
We present in this paper an algorithm for the estimation of synchronisation phase errors in bistatic and multistatic SAR systems with azimuth diversity, such as multi-channel architectures or azimuth constellations, solely based on the evaluation of the received bistatic data. The suggested algortihm working with unfocussed SAR data shows more robustness against processing errors when compared to ...Show More
Future Spaceborne SAR Technologies and Mission Concepts
IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (2)
In the last decade we entered into a golden age for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems with the number of satellites increasing in a quasi-exponential way. The reason is obvious: SAR data utilization and associated services are making a most important contribution in addressing societal challenges of global dimension since spaceborne SAR is the only sensor technology that is able to...Show More
On the Exploitation of CubeSats for Highly Accurate and Robust Single-Pass SAR Interferometry
Maxwell Nogueira Peixoto;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira;Christian Waldschmidt;Michelangelo Villano
Highly accurate digital elevation models (DEMs) from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry are often affected by phase unwrapping errors. These errors can be resolved by the use of additional interferograms with different baselines, but this requires additional satellites in a single-pass configuration, resulting in higher cost and system complexity, or additional passes of the ...Show More
Decorrelating Ambiguities in SAR Interferometry Through Slight PRI Variation
Michelangelo Villano;Maxwell Nogueira Peixoto;Nertjana Ustalli;Josef Mittermayer;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry is a well-established technique for producing high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of the Earth’s surface and measuring displacements on different time scales. Observations of SAR interferograms, however, show that azimuth ambiguities can be coherently imaged and may lead to phase biases and coherence losses that significantly degrade the in...Show More
A Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Mode Utilizing Frequency Scan for Time-of-Echo Compression
Marwan Younis;Felipe Queiroz de Almeida;Tobias Bollian;Michelangelo Villano;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mode described in this article utilizes the available signal bandwidth to form a narrow frequency-scanning transmit antenna beam illuminating the swath of interest from far to near range. The imaging technique is named frequency scan for time-of-echo compression (f-STEC), because, for a proper choice of mode parameters, the radar echo duration is reduced,...Show More
Digital Beamforming for Spaceborne Reflector-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar, Part 2: Ultrawide-swath imaging mode
Marwan Younis;Felipe Queiroz De Almeida;Michelangelo Villano;Sigurd Huber;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
Utilizing digital beamforming (DBF) techniques in conjunction with the feed array of large deployable reflector antennas can boost the performance of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. Multichannel SAR overcomes the constraints of classical single-channel SAR, allowing for wide-swath imaging at fine azimuth resolution. Part 1 of this tutorial provided an introduction to the instrument structu...Show More
On-Board RFI Detection Performance of a Multichannel SAR System with Digital Square-Law Detectors
Tobias Bollian;Marwan Younis;Gerhard Krieger;Alberto Moreira
IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2022 | Conference Paper |
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a growing problem for future Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) missions, resulting in data loss, image artifacts and undetected biases. A new approach for mitigating RFI is digital beamforming (DBF), which is possible with the next generation of multichannel SAR systems and allows for a spatial filtering of signals from different directions. While on-board RFI re...Show More
TanDEM-X: Mission Status and Science Activities
Irena Hajnsek;Alberto Moreira;Manfred Zink;Stefan Buckreuss;Thomas Kraus;Markus Bachmann;Thomas Busche
IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2022 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (1)
The paper provides an up-to-date overview of the German TanDEM-X satellite mission status and its ongoing science activities. The global digital elevation model (DEM) of TanDEM-X became available in 2016 and surpassed all expectations: It has 99.9% coverage, 12-m posting, absolute height accuracy of approximately 1 m and a relative height error (standard deviation) of 0.8 m. This unique data set h...Show More
An Overview of the German Spaceborne X-Band SAR Program
Adriana Elizabeth Nuncio Quiroz;Michael Bartusch;Samuel Stettner;Alberto Moreira;Manfred Zink
IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Year: 2022 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (1)
An overview of the German spaceborne X-Band radar program will be presented in this paper. A view into the wide heritage of the German synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments and the paramount results obtained with the German X-band Missions will be provided. This paper will cover the Shuttle Imaging Radar missions (SIR-C/X-SAR) from 1994 and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) from 200...Show More
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