Introduction
Data center traffic has been increasing explosively because of the growth of cloud services. To cope with this trend, the Ethernet data rate has been increasing rapidly. In 2010, 100-gigabit Ethernet (100GbE) was standardized [1]. For long reach applications (such as 10- and 40-km single-mode-fiber (SMF) transmission), a multi-lane interface is employed with a data rate of 25.8 Gbit/s. Optical transmitters have been reported that meet this specification [2]–[5].