Time-Domain Analysis of Frequency Stability Using Nonzero Dead-Time Counter Techniques

This paper evaluates the impact of nonzero, dead time when implementing classical, numerical, frequency measurement algorithms and computes observables such as the 2-pair (Allan) variance. The extended 2-pair variance algorithms which permit increasing the effective averaging terms by computational methods is investigated. This methodology permits straightforward use of Fourier techniques and the derivation of a countertransfer function.