Optimizing Transformer Performance: A Comparative Analysis of K-Factor Impact on No-Load and Load Losses

The rising popularity of equipment with switching power supplies, such as personal computers and electronic devices, has led to increased non-linear loads. These loads create harmonic currents, generating heat in distribution equipment, neutral conductors, and transformers. A K-Factor-rated transformer is designed to manage harmonic-generating loads that produce extra heat and pose a risk of overheating. This research investigates the impact of varying K-factor ratings on the performance of transformers, with a focus on no-load losses and load losses. Through experimental results, transformers with K-factors (K-1, K-4, K-13, and K-20) were examined to understand their energy efficiency and harmonic load-handling capabilities. The results reveal distinct patterns in energy losses, showcasing the influence of the K-factor on transformer performance. The results show lower values in load losses for higher K-factor transformers, underscore their efficiency in handling harmonic loads, and demonstrate their suitability for applications with nonlinear loads.

I. Introduction

In today's modern electronic and electrical systems, devices such as computers, printers, fax machines, and display terminals rely on switching mode power supplies for their operation. Unlike linear loads that draw continuous current from the power source over the sinusoidal cycle, these switching mode power supplies create harmonic distortion by drawing current in pulses from the power source, introducing non-linear characteristics [1]–[9]. The presence of harmonic currents in power systems, generated by these non-linear loads, can lead to various issues such as circuit breakers and fuses blowing below their rated currents, elevated temperatures in neutrals of transformers and panel boards, and distribution transformers overheating even when operating within their specified nameplate ratings.