I. Introduction
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have achieved practical applications in the field of new energy vehicles due to their low operating temperature and high energy density [1], [2], [3]. However, the complex power condition and poor water management aggravate the PEMFC stack to faults such as flooding, drying, and air starvation, reducing its durability and longevity [4], [5]. To avoid the PEMFC stack entering those fault states, a fast and effective condition monitoring method is required.