Selection of the Modulation, Distance, and Number of Hop Nodes Parameters to Determine the Minimum Energy in the Wireless Sensor Network

Optimization is very important in wireless sensor networks because it is able to provide the best experience in energy use durability, network reliability, and is able to improve the quality of wireless sensor network services. There are many uses of wireless sensor networks, such as monitoring the activities of the human life environment to the surrounding environment such as monitoring the agricultural environment, monitoring the home environment and others. These activities require real-time use and are practical in nature. Optimization is certainly able to overcome the problem of networks that have limited energy, so as to be able to extend their use time continuously. In telecommunications transmission in air space, of course, there is noise that affects the use of wireless sensor networks. In order for the signal to reach the receiver, it needs the appropriate modulation parameters. The modulation used in the study is the modulation of M-PSK and M-QAM. The optimization method uses the Nelder Mead Simplex method which can find out the optimum limitations on the physical parameter of the network. Another parameter to consider is the provision of hops and spacing between nodes. The results achieved in this study are on a network with an assumption of an area of 100m2 that uses multiple nodes, the farther the distance between nodes, the greater the energy needed. The minimum energy is obtained at a node distance of 50 m, namely with 3 sensor nodes with the same node distance, QPSK / 16-PSK modulation uses the least energy then followed by 16-QAM modulation compared to BPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK modulation used in this study

I. Introduction

Monitoring an environmental activity is a very interesting thing to develop. As is known, human activities affect the surrounding environment in everyday life. A lot of research has been carried out on the surrounding environment, one of which is agricultural monitoring which is used to evaluate nutrient levels in the soil and soil moisture, monitoring in industrial activities such as detecting machine errors and monitoring properties in the industry, and other monitoring activities. In this monitoring, a sensor is needed to be able to monitor the activities of the environment. However, in monitoring the activities around the environment, each sensor will communicate with other sensors and also with the control access centre that forms a sensor network. In the sensor network to be more effective in the installation Figure 1. Wireless Sensor Network required wireless media so it is referred to as a wireless sensor network. A wireless sensor network is a network created specifically to handle tasks related to the detection or monitoring of environmental conditions through wireless communication media with a dispersed and distributed sensor system that is an integral or unitary part of the physical space of some components of a wireless sensor network [1].