Integrated Energy Management of Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Power Grid With Renewables

This paper presents an integrated control scheme for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation in the distribution grid with renewable energy sources. A hierarchical framework is proposed for V2G applications, and the mathematical models are built for both smart charging and V2G operation with distribution grid constraints. V2G power is regulated to minimize the total operating cost (TOC) while providing frequency regulation. The simulation results verify the control algorithm in coordinating distributed electric vehicle (EV) aggregations with the varying wind power and daily load. For V2G dynamic regulation, EVs connected in close proximity to wind power generators can locally compensate for the wind fluctuation with fast response and, hence, smooth out the power fluctuation at the bus having wind power generators and EVs. Each individual EV is strategically assigned to implement the simulated control algorithm through a bidirectional converter. An experimental platform is incorporated into the proposed integrated energy management to demonstrate the instantaneous response of EV battery storage.

I. Introduction

TO COPE with the global energy crisis and environmental pollution, it is becoming desirable to integrate renewable energy generation such as wind power and solar power into the existing power grid. Meanwhile, electric vehicles (EVs), particularly the plug-in hybrid EVs, for green transportation have attracted increasing attention [1]. Because of the intermittent nature of wind power, large-scale integration of wind power poses a challenge on the power grid in both transient and steady states. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation can help address the challenges by acting as a mobile energy storage device [1], [2].