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Microwave Power Transmission: Historical Milestones and System Components | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore

Microwave Power Transmission: Historical Milestones and System Components


Abstract:

Microwave power transmission (MPT) is the wireless transfer of large amounts of power at microwave frequencies from one location to another. MPT research has been driven ...Show More

Abstract:

Microwave power transmission (MPT) is the wireless transfer of large amounts of power at microwave frequencies from one location to another. MPT research has been driven primarily by the desire to remotely power unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and by the concept of space solar power (SSP) first conceived by Dr. Peter Glaser of the Arthur D. Little Company in 1968. This paper attempts to reveal, in adequate chronological detail, many of the MPT milestones reached over the past 50 years, including those related to SSP. Key components to various MPT systems are presented as well as design schemes for achieving efficient MPT. Special focus is given to rectenna design since this particular MPT component has received the most attention from researchers over the last couple of decades.
Published in: Proceedings of the IEEE ( Volume: 101, Issue: 6, June 2013)
Page(s): 1379 - 1396
Date of Publication: 13 March 2013

ISSN Information:

Author image of Bernd Strassner
ISR EM and Sensor Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Bernd Strassner, II (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, USA, in 1995, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, in 1997 and 2002, respectively.
In summer 1992, 1993, and 1995, he was employed by Lockheed-Martin at the Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA, where h...Show More
Bernd Strassner, II (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, USA, in 1995, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, in 1997 and 2002, respectively.
In summer 1992, 1993, and 1995, he was employed by Lockheed-Martin at the Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA, where h...View more
Author image of Kai Chang
Electromagnetics Laboratory, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA
Kai Chang (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.S.E.E. degree from the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1970, the M.S. degree from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA, in 1972, and the Ph.D. degree from The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 1976.
From 1972 to 1976, he was with the Microwave Solid-State Circuits Group, Cooley Electronics Laboratory, The Unive...Show More
Kai Chang (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.S.E.E. degree from the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1970, the M.S. degree from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA, in 1972, and the Ph.D. degree from The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 1976.
From 1972 to 1976, he was with the Microwave Solid-State Circuits Group, Cooley Electronics Laboratory, The Unive...View more

I. Introduction

Wireless power transmission (WPT) can be subdivided into either near-field inductive-based WPT or far-field WPT. MPT comprises the microwave-frequency based subset of far-field WPT. In an MPT scenario, significant amounts of power are transferred from one location to another. MPT research has been driven primarily by the desire to remotely power unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and by the concept of space solar power (SSP) first conceived by Dr. Peter Glaser of the Arthur D. Little Company in 1968 [1]. Most MPT breakthroughs have occurred under the umbrella of SSP. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram for the specific application of MPT pertaining to SSP. SSP is an MPT system with the addition of solar cells and magnetrons for microwave power generation.

Diagram of an SSP–MPT system including a solar cell array, magnetron, circularly polarized (CP) phased array, and a CP rectenna array.

Author image of Bernd Strassner
ISR EM and Sensor Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Bernd Strassner, II (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, USA, in 1995, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, in 1997 and 2002, respectively.
In summer 1992, 1993, and 1995, he was employed by Lockheed-Martin at the Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA, where he worked in the areas of space-shuttle navigation controls, power systems, and communication systems. In 1994, he researched microwave de-embedding processes at the Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Harburg, Germany. From 1996 to 1997, he was with Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA, where he was involved with the study on how harmonic termination affects power-amplifier performance. From 1998 to 2002, he was a Research Assistant at Texas A&M University's Electromagnetics Laboratory, where his research focused on radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, rectifying antenna arrays, reflecting antenna arrays, and retrodirective antenna arrays. Since July 2002, he has been with Sandia National Laboratories, where he designs wideband, aperture-tapered, reconfigurable antenna arrays for both synthetic aperture radar and radio-frequency tag systems.
Bernd Strassner, II (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, USA, in 1995, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, in 1997 and 2002, respectively.
In summer 1992, 1993, and 1995, he was employed by Lockheed-Martin at the Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA, where he worked in the areas of space-shuttle navigation controls, power systems, and communication systems. In 1994, he researched microwave de-embedding processes at the Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Harburg, Germany. From 1996 to 1997, he was with Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA, where he was involved with the study on how harmonic termination affects power-amplifier performance. From 1998 to 2002, he was a Research Assistant at Texas A&M University's Electromagnetics Laboratory, where his research focused on radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, rectifying antenna arrays, reflecting antenna arrays, and retrodirective antenna arrays. Since July 2002, he has been with Sandia National Laboratories, where he designs wideband, aperture-tapered, reconfigurable antenna arrays for both synthetic aperture radar and radio-frequency tag systems.View more
Author image of Kai Chang
Electromagnetics Laboratory, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA
Kai Chang (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.S.E.E. degree from the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1970, the M.S. degree from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA, in 1972, and the Ph.D. degree from The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 1976.
From 1972 to 1976, he was with the Microwave Solid-State Circuits Group, Cooley Electronics Laboratory, The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, as a Research Assistant. From 1976 to 1978, he was with Shared Applications Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA, where he was involved with computer simulation of microwave circuits and microwave tubes. From 1978 to 1981, he was with the Electron Dynamics Division, Hughes Aircraft Company, Torrance, CA, USA, where he was involved in the research and development of millimeter-wave solid-state devices and circuits, power combiners, oscillators, and transmitters. From 1981 to 1985, he was with TRW Electronics and Defense, Redondo Beach, CA, USA, as a Section Head, where he developed state-of-the-art millimeter-wave integrated circuits and subsystems including mixers, voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), transmitters, amplifiers, modulators, upconverters, switches, multipliers, receivers, and transceivers. In August 1985, he joined the Electrical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, as an Associate Professor, becoming a Professor in 1988. From 1990 to 2006, he was appointed the Raytheon E-Systems Endowed Professor of Electrical Engineering. He is currently the Holder of the Texas Instruments Incorporated Endowed Chair. He has authored or coauthored several books, including Microwave Solid-State Circuits and Applications (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1994), Microwave Ring Circuits and Antennas (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1996, 2004, 2nd ed.), Integrated Active Antennas and Spatial Power Combining (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1996), RF and Microwave Wireless Systems (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2000), and RF and Microwave Circuit and Component Design for Wireless Systems (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2002). He was the Editor of the four-volume Handbook of Microwave and Optical Components (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1989 1990, 2003, 2nd ed.), and Editor for six volumes of Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2005). He is the Editor for the Microwave and Optical Technology Letters and the Wiley Book Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering (over 70 books published). He has authored or coauthored over 240 journal papers, 220 conference papers, and many book chapters in the areas of microwave and millimeter-wave devices, circuits, and antennas. He has graduated over 25 Ph.D. students and over 35 M.S. students. His current interests are microwave and millimeter-wave devices and circuits, microwave integrated circuits, integrated antennas, wideband and active antennas, phased arrays, microwave power transmission, and microwave optical interactions.
Dr. Chang has been a Technical Committee member and session chair for the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S), the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (IEEE AP-S), and many international conferences. He was the Vice General Chair for the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation. He was the recipient of the Special Achievement Award from TRW (1984), the Halliburton Professor Award (1988), the Distinguished Teaching Award (1989), the Distinguished Research Award (1992), the TEES Fellow Award (1996) from Texas A&M University, and the 2007 Distinguished Educator Award of the IEEE MTT-S.
Kai Chang (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.S.E.E. degree from the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1970, the M.S. degree from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA, in 1972, and the Ph.D. degree from The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 1976.
From 1972 to 1976, he was with the Microwave Solid-State Circuits Group, Cooley Electronics Laboratory, The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, as a Research Assistant. From 1976 to 1978, he was with Shared Applications Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA, where he was involved with computer simulation of microwave circuits and microwave tubes. From 1978 to 1981, he was with the Electron Dynamics Division, Hughes Aircraft Company, Torrance, CA, USA, where he was involved in the research and development of millimeter-wave solid-state devices and circuits, power combiners, oscillators, and transmitters. From 1981 to 1985, he was with TRW Electronics and Defense, Redondo Beach, CA, USA, as a Section Head, where he developed state-of-the-art millimeter-wave integrated circuits and subsystems including mixers, voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), transmitters, amplifiers, modulators, upconverters, switches, multipliers, receivers, and transceivers. In August 1985, he joined the Electrical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, as an Associate Professor, becoming a Professor in 1988. From 1990 to 2006, he was appointed the Raytheon E-Systems Endowed Professor of Electrical Engineering. He is currently the Holder of the Texas Instruments Incorporated Endowed Chair. He has authored or coauthored several books, including Microwave Solid-State Circuits and Applications (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1994), Microwave Ring Circuits and Antennas (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1996, 2004, 2nd ed.), Integrated Active Antennas and Spatial Power Combining (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1996), RF and Microwave Wireless Systems (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2000), and RF and Microwave Circuit and Component Design for Wireless Systems (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2002). He was the Editor of the four-volume Handbook of Microwave and Optical Components (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1989 1990, 2003, 2nd ed.), and Editor for six volumes of Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering (New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2005). He is the Editor for the Microwave and Optical Technology Letters and the Wiley Book Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering (over 70 books published). He has authored or coauthored over 240 journal papers, 220 conference papers, and many book chapters in the areas of microwave and millimeter-wave devices, circuits, and antennas. He has graduated over 25 Ph.D. students and over 35 M.S. students. His current interests are microwave and millimeter-wave devices and circuits, microwave integrated circuits, integrated antennas, wideband and active antennas, phased arrays, microwave power transmission, and microwave optical interactions.
Dr. Chang has been a Technical Committee member and session chair for the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S), the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (IEEE AP-S), and many international conferences. He was the Vice General Chair for the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation. He was the recipient of the Special Achievement Award from TRW (1984), the Halliburton Professor Award (1988), the Distinguished Teaching Award (1989), the Distinguished Research Award (1992), the TEES Fellow Award (1996) from Texas A&M University, and the 2007 Distinguished Educator Award of the IEEE MTT-S.View more
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