I. Introduction
The integration of significant amounts of photovoltaic (PV) solar power generation to the electric grid poses a unique set of challenges to utilities and system operators. Power from grid-connected solar PV units is generated in quantities from a few kilowatts to several MW, and is then pushed out to power grids at the distribution level, where the systems were often designed for 1-way power flow from the substation to the customer. In climates with plentiful sunshine, the widespread adoption of solar PV means distributed generation on a scale never before seen on the grid. The resulting challenges can best be thought of as opportunities for both manufacturers and utilities as they roll out various Smart Grid initiatives.