System-of-Systems Engineering Management: A Review of Modern History and a Path Forward

As our knowledge of system of systems (SoS) has grown and evolved, so has our understanding of how to engineer and manage them. In systems engineering, we develop architectures and frameworks to bring meaning to this kind of uncertainty, but for SoS engineering (SoSE) we are still in search of how we can structure this understanding. In this paper, we review the SoS literature to illustrate the need to create an SoSE management framework based on the demands of constant technological progress in a complex dynamic environment. We conclude from this review that the history and evolution of defining SoS has shown that: (1) SoS can be defined by distinguishing characteristics and (2) SoS can be viewed as a network where the ldquobest practicesrdquo of network management can be applied to SoSE. We use these two theories as a foundation for our objective to create an effective SoSE management framework. To accomplish this, we utilize modified fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS) network principles (SoSE management conceptual areas). Furthermore, cited distinguishing characteristics of SoS are also used to present a SoSE management framework. We conclude with a case analysis of this framework using a known and well-documented SoS (i.e., Integrated Deepwater System) to illustrate how to better understand, engineer, and manage within the domain of SoSE.

I. Introduction

While the research on system of systems (SoS) has shown significant development in studies and experimental applications on this topic, a review of relevant modern literature reveals that we are still in an embryonic state in terms of identifying an effective methodology to achieve the objectives of system-of-systems engineering (SoSE). We can trace the origin of the concept of systems, and thus SoS, to “the Greek word sustema (that) stood for reunion, conjunction or assembly” [1]. From its origin, we can track the evolution of this term as it has been studied through general systems theory, systemics, and cybernetics. Today, IEEE Standard 1220 defines a System as a: “…set or arrangement of elements [people, products (hardware and software) and processes (facilities, equipment, material, and procedures)] that are related and whose behavior satisfies customer/operational needs, and provides for the life cycle sustainment of the products” [2].