I. Introduction
In space, ions reach the sensitive nodes of electronic devices from all directions. In order to exactly calculate the single-event upset (SEU) rate of a given device in orbit, one should know the full angular dependence of the device cross section as a function of the ion linear energy transfer (LET, or ). This requires accelerators with very energetic ions, which could reach the sensitive volumes (SVs) for SEU from all directions. Usually, only limited SEU measurements are performed and the SEU rates are calculated using models which assume certain shapes for the SVs.