TAURITE: Stackelberg Equilibrium in Blockchained Energynet Through Electric Vehicles

The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the energynet, the network from power generation to EV charging station, presents a symbiotic relationship with potential benefits for sustainable and efficient transportation. However, the existing research has revealed challenges in maintaining an equilibrium between energy supply and demand, often resulting in underutilization or overutilization of energy networks. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to enhance transparency and secure decentralized energy distribution; however fails to connect the equilibrium in the presence of uncertainty of demand-supply and/or handling information cascading. In this paper, we introduce TAURITE (sTAckelberg eqUilibRium in blockchaIned energyneT with Evs), a novel blockchain-based energynet framework that explicitly leverages the Stackelberg model for energy flow equilibrium within EV interfaces. TAURITE employs Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium (SPNE) to address demand uncertainty in dynamic vehicular environments. It also tackles information cascades’ impact on energy distribution, demonstrating its ability to maintain equilibrium even in such scenarios. TAURITE introduces a multi-variate polynomial-based key generation process through the smart contract AVTAL and incorporates Proof-of-Energy-Equilibrium (PoEE) as an energy sector consensus mechanism. Experimental results show that TAURITE significantly improves throughput, latency, and energy efficiency, with an average 30% enhancement in these metrics. Notably, TAURITE ensures 100% allocation stability, even in the presence of information cascades, marking a substantial advancement in sustainable and efficient energy management within the evolving energynet-EV ecosystem.

I. Introduction

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have become popular in the aspect of future vehicular sustainability due its various advantages, which include reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy integration, environmental benefits, technological advancements and innovations, and health benefits [1]. Industry and academia are working together to make better EVs and their infrastructure for successful adoption worldwide. Thus, the future of EVs is very prospective in terms of new developments [2]. Various reports show that the global market of EVs is expanding at a CAGR of 21.7%, which is expected to continue further and growth from 8.1 million units is predicted to reach 39.21 million by 2030 [3]. This steep curve of the growing EV industry is not only the future scope of automobiles, but also connects other dimensions of technology such as batteries, electric infrastructure, chemical compositions, computing, and data analysis [4].