I. Introduction
In engineering, one of the most pressing challenges for scientists is optimizing the shape and structure of components to ensure their strength, rigidity, and resistance to vibration, while simultaneously minimizing weight and manufacturing costs. With the advancements in 3D printing technology, also known as Additive Manufacturing (AM), scientists have increasingly proposed and applied lattice structures in the design and fabrication of mechanical parts. This approach optimizes component weight and reduces material consumption costs. Lattice structures have been extensively studied and applied in the industrial field to improve the strength and mechanical properties of materials [1–2], thermal engineering [3], and biomedical engineering [4].