Contents I. Introduction
In recent years, mobile communication, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and IoT applications have all grown in popularity. As a result, low-profile,l low-cost, mechanically robust antennas that can be placed on stiff surfaces are required. In such situations, microstrip patch antennas were definitelyt the firstt choice of antenna engineers. The literature examines several design approaches for microstrip patch antennas to improve overall performance, including aspects like gain and bandwidth [1]– [3]. Microstrip antennas have many advantages, but also significantd drawbacks, such as low efficiencyy and power, high Q, spurious feed radiation, and very limited bandwidth [4]– [5]. The majority of efforts to boost the gain of microstrip patch antennas have been made by researchers and antenna designers. A number of techniques have been devised and applied to enhance the microstrip patch antennas' performance [6]– [7]. Metamaterials have been used as defective ground structures (DGS) by numerous studies to fabricate dual-band patch antennas with good gain. A fishnet-shapedm metamaterial is employed in [8] as Defected Ground Structures (DGS) to increase a dual band PIFA antenna's gain from 3 to 8 dB. A dual Ku-band microstrip patch antenna with remarkable gain for was presented by the inventors of [9]. H-slotted DGS and substrate integrated waveguides form its cornerstones. Another intriguing structure that greatly improves the overall performance and antenna gain of microstrip patch antennas is the MS structure. Its primary design goal was to control the incident wave's transmission and reflectionc characteristics. Often, it is an infinitep planar array of uniformly spaced unit cells on a dielectric substrate [10]– [11]. Perfectly reflectedd or transmitted metallic patches or aperture components make up the unit cells. The literature has offered a wide range of MS-based gain augmentation antenna designs.
