Introduction
In recent years, deploying low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks like Starlink, OneWeb, and Kuiper has provided global, ubiquitous broadband services. Compared to traditional geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, LEO satellites offer advantages such as shorter transmission delays, lower link power, smaller size, and reduced launch costs. The lower launch costs of LEO satellites allow for the deployment of many satellites, achieving high coverage areas. However, due to their small size, LEO satellites have limitations such as reduced battery capacity, lower payload capabilities, and inferior computational power. Additionally, satellites in the ascending subshell and descending subshell cannot communicate with each other due to their different moving directions and high relative speeds, posing various challenges for routing on LEO satellite networks.