Learning-Based Energy Minimization Optimization for IRS-Assisted Master-Auxiliary-UAV-Enabled Wireless-Powered IoT Networks

This article investigates master-auxiliary unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-enabled wireless-powered Internet of Things (WPIoT) networks, which overcome the inflexibility and site selection issues caused by traditional fixed-point intelligent reflecting surface (IRS). Specifically, multiple rechargeable master UAVs (MUAVs) and IRS-integrated auxiliary UAVs (AUAVs) are applied in pairs to cooperatively charge and collect data from Internet of Things devices clustered in different subareas under cloud scheduling. Given the constraints of limited onboard battery capacity and complete data collection, we formulate a system energy minimization problem, which is then divided into three subproblems. We first utilize a pair of U-nets with quantization layers trained by deep unsupervised learning (DUL) to output discrete downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) IRS phases separately. Gradient functions with specific features are also proposed to solve nondifferentiable issue during training. Given the optimized IRS phase policies, off-policy deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is exploited to optimize intrasubarea data collection policy and intersubarea multi-UAV scheduling scheme. Two assistive techniques, positive transition initialization (PTI) and action mask, are proposed to guide the learning of the agent and alleviate the burden of optimization. Numerical results indicate that our proposed approach combining DUL with DRL can improve performance by more than 90% compared to the pure DRL method. Furthermore, our proposed master-auxiliary-UAV collaborative data collection scheme (MACS) can achieve better energy performance than homogeneous MUAV data collection scheme (HMCS) in cases with low-onboard battery capacity while halving task completion time.

I. Introduction

In recent years, we have witnessed the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) with the emergence of numerous applications [2], including environmental monitoring, intelligent transportation, climate-smart agriculture, etc. [3]. To support the ubiquitous connectivity required by the IoT, a large number of low-cost devices with sensing and computing capabilities are deployed to collect data from the environment. This data is then uploaded to upper layer servers in a timely manner for decision-making. Against this backdrop, two challenges that have always been present for IoT devices are battery sustainability and transmission efficiency over long distances [4].