MMNet: Multi-Collaboration and Multi-Supervision Network for Sequential Deepfake Detection

Advanced manipulation techniques have provided criminals with opportunities to make social panic or gain illicit profits through the generation of deceptive media, such as forgery face images. In response, various deepfake detection methods have been proposed to assess image authenticity. Sequential deepfake detection, which is an extension of deepfake detection, aims to identify forged facial regions with the correct sequence for recovery. Nonetheless, due to the different combinations of spatial and sequential manipulations, forgery face images exhibit substantial discrepancies that severely impact detection performance. Additionally, the recovery of forged images requires knowledge of the manipulation model to implement inverse transformations, which is difficult to ascertain as relevant techniques are often concealed by attackers. To address these issues, we propose Multi-Collaboration and Multi-Supervision Network (MMNet) that handles various spatial scales and sequential permutations in forgery face images and achieve recovery without requiring knowledge of the corresponding manipulation method. Furthermore, existing evaluation metrics only consider detection accuracy at a single inferring step, without accounting for the matching degree with ground-truth under continuous multiple steps. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel evaluation metric called Complete Sequence Matching (CSM), which considers the detection accuracy at multiple inferring steps, reflecting the ability to detect integrally forged sequences. Extensive experiments on several typical datasets demonstrate that MMNet achieves state-of-the-art detection performance and independent recovery performance. Code will be available at https://github.com/xarryon/MMNet

I. Introduction

The development of deep learning not only brings significant improvement to traditional visual tasks [1], [2], [3], [4] but gives birth to massive novel and heuristic vision applications [5], [6], [7], [8]. Deepfake, a new technique used to generate artificial media by deep neural networks [9], has raised public concerns about personal security and privacy. To fight against malicious facial deepfakes, many detection methods have been naturally proposed and extensively studied over recent years.