I. Introduction
Programming education is becoming increasingly important. In many countries, programming education is provided in elementary andjunior high schools for the purpose of cultivating programming thinking and problem-solving skills. However, the definition and evaluation criteria for programming proficiency are still vague. Although graphic languages such as Scratch and Blockly are often used in programming education in elementary education, they are not appropriate for higher education and vocational training [1][2]. This paper discusses programming education in higher education.