Battery Charging and Swapping System Involved in Demand Response for Joint Power and Transportation Networks

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been gaining great popularity in recent years, but the lack of adequate infrastructure and the long battery charging time have hindered their further development. Therefore, a battery charging and swapping system (BCSS) can solve this problem by arranging battery charging and distributing the battery swapping system (BSS) to various locations while participating in the demand response of both power and transportation networks through time-of-use tariffs and congestion price. To optimally achieve the combined operation of BCSSs, this paper proposes a hybrid swapped battery charging and logistics dispatch model in the continuous-time domain. Specifically, the battery charging system will arrange the optimal battery charging strategy by a rectangle packing algorithm. Furthermore, the logistics system will set up a transportation dispatch model for the battery charging system to deliver the charged batteries from the battery charging system to the battery swapping system and then retrieve them. The combined model is involved in the demand side response considering the price. Simulation studies for different cases verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

I. Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted enormous attention in recent years due to their potential in mitigating energy crises and air pollution. However, when large-scale EVs are connected to the power grid (smart grid [1]), the instantaneous charging load may cause a significant impact on the power grid [2]. At the same time, the large-scale access of renewable energy puts forward higher requirements for the regulation capacity of the power grid [3]. Therefore, reasonable battery energy replenishment scheduling is needed.