I. Introduction (Heading 1)
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful sensing technique widely used in biotechnology to characterize implant-tissue interfaces [1]. It is also utilized for battery quality assurance and monitoring internal states like state of charge and state of health [2]. Unlike other electrochemical techniques, EIS applies sinusoidal signals to assess complex impedance over a frequency range, enabling deep understanding of electrochemical properties and differentiation of polarization processes [3].