Contents I. Introduction
The increasing concern over environmental issues and the depletion of fossil fuels has led to a significant surge in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a cleaner and more sustainable transportation alternative. EVs offer the promise of reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved energy efficiency compared to their internal combustion engine counterparts. However, the practicality and widespread acceptance of EVs hinge on their ability to accurately estimate energy consumption, as this crucial factor directly impacts their driving range and overall usability. Efficiently estimating the energy consumption of an electric vehicle is a complex task due to the dynamic interplay of numerous influencing factors, such as driving patterns, vehicle specifications, battery characteristics, and external conditions [1], [2]. Among these factors, road characteristics and ambient temperature play a pivotal role in dictating energy consumption levels [3]. Understanding how these variables interact and devising an accurate method to estimate energy consumption is essential for enhancing the overall performance and range of EVs.
