I. Introduction
Atmospheric visibility is defined as the greatest distance at which a prominent dark object against the sky at the horizon can be observed and identified by an unaided eye [1]. Visibility is one of the important indicators for drivers to judge and respond, widely used in meteorological forecasting and early warning systems. In severe weather conditions such as rainstorm, haze and sandstorm, fog, dust, or smoke, the transparency of the atmosphere will be attenuated, and the visibility will also be greatly reduced. Especially in sandstorm, or dust comes from gravel road surface, because of suspended solids in the air due to sand blowing. In the event of sandstorms, sand accumulation may occur on the road surface, causing the road surface to become very slippery, which will increase the driving difficulty for drivers. Moreover, sandstorms is often accompanied by rising temperatures, increasing wind speeds, and changing weather conditions, which can affect drivers’ perception of the road boundary and road conditions, under low visibility weather conditions, people are prone to disorientation, anxiety, and insecurity leading to various traffic safety accidents [2]. The significance of visibility detection lies in ensuring traffic safety, public safety, and human health, providing accurate weather information for decision-makers, and promoting sustainable urban development.