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High-Speed Photodiodes for Power Efficient Data Transmission | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore

High-Speed Photodiodes for Power Efficient Data Transmission


Abstract:

This article highlights recent developments in high-speed photodiodes and their role in efficient data transmission. Design considerations and state-of-the-art performanc...Show More

Abstract:

This article highlights recent developments in high-speed photodiodes and their role in efficient data transmission. Design considerations and state-of-the-art performances are presented for waveguide-integrated and vertically illuminated photodiodes. PIN, Uni-traveling carrier (UTC), and avalanche photodiodes (APD) are reviewed in terms of sensitivity and 3-dB bandwidth. Further, a metric for a proper comparison of avalanche photodiodes is proposed. Current performance limitations are described and an outlook for the photodiode material platforms is given.
Published in: Journal of Lightwave Technology ( Volume: 42, Issue: 3, 01 February 2024)
Page(s): 1056 - 1061
Date of Publication: 06 October 2023

ISSN Information:

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I. Introduction

While the standardization of 100-GBaud transmission schemes is imminent [1], recent publications already demonstrated transmission experiments, employing symbol rates up to 200 GBaud for both coherent and direct detection schemes [2], [3]. These experiments were enabled by the availability of high-speed components [4], [5], [6], [7].

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1.
2021, [online] Available: https://www.ieee802.org/3/B400G/.
2.
H. Mardoyan et al., "First 260-GBd single-carrier coherent transmission over 100 km distance based on novel arbitrary waveform generator and thin-film lithium niobate I/Q modulator", Proc. Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun., pp. 1-4, 2022.
3.
J. M. Estarán et al., "140/180/204-Gbaud OOK transceiver for inter- and intra-data center connectivity", J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 178-187, Jan. 2019.
4.
M. Xu et al., "Dual-polarization thin-film lithium niobate in-phase quadrature modulators for terabit-per-second transmission", Optica, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022.
5.
P. Runge, F. Ganzer, J. Gläsel, S. Wünsch, S. Mutschall and M. Schell, "Broadband 145 GHz photodetector module targeting 200 GBaud applications", Proc. IEEE Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. Exhib., pp. 1-3, 2020.
6.
M. Nakamura et al., "Over 2-Tb/s net bitrate single-carrier transmission based on >130-GHz-Bandwidth InP-DHBT baseband amplifier module", Proc. Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun., pp. 1-4, 2022.
7.
T. Drenski, "ADCs key for high baud-rate coherent systems", 2022, [online] Available: https://www.gazettabyte.com/home/2022/7/29/adcs-key-for-high-baud-rate-coherent-systems.html.
8.
F. Frey, R. Elschner and J. K. Fischer, "Estimation of trends for coherent DSP ASIC power dissipation for different bitrates and transmission reaches", Proc. IEEE Photon. Netw., pp. 1-8, 2017.
9.
C. Minkenberg, R. Krishnaswamy, A. Zilkie and D. Nelson, "Co-packaged datacenter optics: Opportunities and challenges", IET Optoelectron., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 77-91, 2021.
10.
T. Drenski and J. C. Rasmussen, "ADC DAC - Technology trends and steps to overcome current limitations", Proc. IEEE Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. Expo., pp. 1-3, 2018.
11.
E. Berikaa et al., "Next-generation o-band coherent transmission for 1.6 Tbps 10 km intra-datacenter interconnects", J. Lightw. Technol., Aug. 2023.
12.
H. Yagi et al., "InP-based photodetectors monolithically integrated with 90° hybrid toward over 400 Gb/s coherent transmission systems", IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E102C, no. 4, pp. 347-356, 2019.
13.
J.-W. Shi, K.-L. Chi, C.-Y. Li, J.-M. Wun, Y.-M. Hsin and S. D. Benjamin, "Large-area p-i-n photodiode with high-speed and high-efficiency across a wide optical operation window (0.85 to 1.55 μm)", IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 22-28, Nov./Dec. 2014.
14.
T. Yoshimatsu et al., "Suppression of space charge effect in MIC-PD using composite field structure", Electron. Lett., vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 941-943, 2010.
15.
P. Runge et al., "InP-components for 100 GBaud optical data center communication", Photonics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2021.
16.
E. Rouvalis, C. C. Renaud, D. G. Moodie, M. J. Robertson and A. J. Seeds, "Continuous wave terahertz generation from ultra-fast InP-based photodiodes", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 509-517, Mar. 2012.
17.
V. Rymanov, A. Stöhr, S. Dülme and T. Tekin, "Triple transit region photodiodes (TTR-PDs) providing high millimeter wave output power", Opt. Exp., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 7550-7558, 2014.
18.
C. Caillaud et al., "Ultra compact high responsivity photodiodes for >100 Gbaud applications", Proc. IEEE Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun., pp. 1-4, 2021.
19.
M. Anagnosti et al., "Optimized high-speed UTC photodiode for 100 Gbit/s applications", IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 29-35, Nov./Dec. 2014.
20.
P. Runge, G. Zhou, F. Ganzer, S. Mutschall and A. Seeger, "Waveguide integrated InP-based photodetector for 100 Gbaud applications operating at wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm", Proc. IEEE Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun., pp. 1-3, 2015.
21.
J. H. Nam et al., "Monolithic integration of germanium-on-insulator pin photodetector on silicon", Opt. Exp., vol. 23, no. 12, 2015.
22.
A. Novack et al., "Germanium photodetector with 60 GHz bandwidth using inductive gain peaking", Opt. Exp., vol. 21, no. 23, 2013.
23.
S. Lischke et al., "Ultra-fast germanium photodiode with 3-dB bandwidth of 265 GHz", Nature Photon., vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 925-931, 2021.
24.
T. Ishibashi and H. Ito, "Uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 127, no. 3, 2020.
25.
S. Seifert and P. Runge, "Revised refractive index and absorption of In_1-xGa_xAs_yP_1-y lattice-matched to InP in transparent and absorption IR-region", Opt. Mater. Exp., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 629-639, 2016.
26.
F. Yu, K. Sun, Q. Yu and A. Beling, "High-speed evanescently-coupled waveguide type-II MUTC photodiodes for zero-bias operation", J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 38, no. 24, pp. 6827-6832, Dec. 2020.
27.
F. Wang, B. Zhang and L. Wang, "High-performance inverted evanescently coupled waveguide integrated MUTC-PD with high response speed", Appl. Opt., vol. 60, no. 34, 2021.
28.
T. Beckerwerth, T. T. Tran, S. Mutschall, P. Runge and M. Schell, "Photodetectors for classic and quantum communication with 39 GHz bandwidth and 66% quantum efficiency", Proc. IEEE Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun., pp. 1-3, 2022.
29.
T. Beckerwerth et al., "56 GBaud PAM-4 direct detection with high-speed avalanche photodiodes", Proc. IEEE Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. Exhib., pp. 1-3, 2023.
30.
M. Nada, T. Yoshimatsu, F. Nakajima, K. Sano and H. Matsuzaki, "A 42-GHz bandwidth avalanche photodiodes based on III-V compounds for 106-Gbit/s PAM4 applications", J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 260-265, Jan. 2019.

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References

References is not available for this document.