Scheduling Electric Vehicle Charging Considering Battery Charging and Swapping Operations

The rapid increase in the use of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates new methods to manage the emerging challenges in power system operation due to the high charging power of EVs. To this end, various technologies such as, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), battery-to-grid (B2G) and battery swapping are used in the literature for effectively managing the charging demand of EVs. In this study, the coordinated use of a battery charging station (BCS) and battery swapping station (BSS) is considered by employing V2G, B2G and swapping operations to support the grid during the peak energy period and to improve the service quality to EV users. The results demonstrate that the coordinated use of BCS and BSS can provide both economic and operational benefits.

I. Introduction

The number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads is expected to reach 200 million by 2030, with an annual increase of 30% according to the projections [1]. The growth in the EV sector, however, poses technical challenges, especially due to the limited charging capability of the existing battery charging stations (BCSs). These challenges might considerably extend the charging duration of EVs in the BCSs, which is likely to affect the high interest in EVs. Besides, considering the extra load demand of EVs, the system stakeholders can be also reluctant to adopt more EVs.