I. Introduction
Deep learning has become more and more prevalent in recent years. Face recognition is one key area of application. In face recognition, computers are given images or videos as inputs with the goal to identify people's identities by comparing their faces with labelled faces in a database. Due to the emergence of powerful image recognition techniques based on deep learning and the increasing availability of facial data, face recognition techniques have evolved rapidly, e.g., for identity verification used by mobile banking etc [12–16].