Stars and Towers on the Wheels: Global Perspective on Satellite Networks vs. Terrestrial 5G

In this paper, we present a comparative study of the performance of multiple terrestrial 5G networks and Starlink’s satellite service. To that end, we conduct comprehensive mobile measurements over an 860+ km route, incorporating a diverse range of terrains, speeds, and cell tower coverage. Our study focuses on two metrics: throughput and latency both locally and as perceived by global servers. This approach provides novel insights into the operational performance of terrestrial 5G and non-terrestrial networks (NTN), in particular satellite networks, in real-world driving scenarios. Our aim is to present the trade-offs between network types, geography, and infrastructure in high-mobility scenarios. Our findings suggest that terrestrial 5G networks, particularly Verizon, exhibit high peak downlink throughput. However, the satellite network (Starlink) offers a compelling case for consistent performance, particularly lower latency, across various regions and driving speeds. Moreover, Starlink performs seamlessly in rural areas, where 5G network providers offer little to no coverage. Our analysis shows that combining terrestrial 5G and satellite network service offers suitable throughput and latency for next-generation applications.

I. Introduction

The deployment of 5G networks has marked a transformative phase in mobile communications, characterized by unprecedented data rates and substantially reduced latency [1]–[3]. This evolution not only enhances user experience but also unlocks the potential for new applications and services requiring high-speed, low-latency internet connectivity. Despite these advances, terrestrial 5G networks continue to encounter significant challenges, particularly in ensuring consistent coverage and reliability across diverse environments [4], [11].