Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical PBFT Algorithm for Secure and Efficient Blockchain-Based IoT Edge Computing

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the importance of data transmission security and efficiency has become increasingly significant. Traditional consensus mechanisms, particularly, the practical Byzantine fault-tolerance (PBFT) algorithm, face notable challenges in the context of blockchain-based edge computing due to scalability issues. Specifically, as the number of nodes increases, PBFT experiences high communication complexity, which leads to significant performance degradation. To tackle this challenge, this article proposes a novel consensus algorithm named adaptive clustering hierarchical-PBFT (ACH-PBFT) that employs a hierarchical cluster structure and node fault-tolerance check to enhance the security and efficiency of blockchain-based edge computing in the IoT. ACH-PBFT adaptively selects an appropriate primary node and forms multiple subnode clusters, facilitating a more scalable consensus process. The system reduces the probability of malicious nodes becoming primary nodes through mutual verification between the primary node cluster and the subcluster consensus. Experimental results indicate that the ACH-PBFT algorithm achieves a 19.83% increase in execution speed, a 23.67% improvement in throughput, and an average reduction of 23.05% in communication overhead compared with a similar double-layer PBFT algorithm lacking hierarchical clustering. In the experiments testing against malicious nodes, the ACH-PBFT algorithm exhibited an average increase of 24.73% in the probability of successfully achieving consensus. Overall, this research provides a practical and effective solution for implementing secure and efficient blockchain-based IoT edge computing using a multilayer architecture to achieve flexible deployment and efficient resource utilization in edge computing environments.

I. Introduction

As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to grow, it is becoming more critical to ensure the security and scalability of IoT systems. IoT devices and networks are vulnerable to security threats, such as hacking, data breaches, and privacy violations, which can lead to significant consequences. The absence of trust mechanisms among devices within IoT systems frequently gives rise to security concerns. Blockchain provides a mechanism through its consensus mechanism that does not rely on trust between nodes, ensuring the security of IoT environment. In addition to security concerns, scalability is also a significant challenge for IoT systems. IoT networks must be able to handle a large number of devices and data streams, which can strain network resources and limit the ability to process and analyze data in real time. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to address the aforementioned challenges.