TODS: Thermal Outdoor image Dataset for Spoofing detection

Face spoofing detection could be used in conjunction with face recognition or facial expression recognition in social robots for better interaction with the users. Recent works have employed thermal image-based spoofing detection due to its competitive spoofing detection performance. However, existing methods utilized indoor thermal images which put a limit on using thermal image-based spoofing detection in outdoor environments. Moreover, several thermal image-based spoofing detection datasets consist of facial images at a frontal viewpoint, which would be put a limit on the usage in social robots with short heights. In this paper, we present our novel thermal image dataset for spoofing detection in outdoor environments. Unlike most existing datasets, our dataset is collected in outdoor environments with the camera facing the upper view to simulate the viewpoint of a social robot. To cover diverse outdoor environments, the dataset was collected at varying locations, times, and weather. Furthermore, we trained an event recognition-based spoofing detection on our collected dataset and also have provided benchmarking results for several baselines. Our spoofing detection method based on MobileNetV2 yielded a spoofing detection accuracy of 96.04% and GFLOPs of 0.88. Our dataset will be open-sourced for users pursuing academic research and will be available upon request to the authors.