Preconditioned Potential-Based Surface Integral Method for Modeling Lossy Conductors From DC to High Frequencies

A potential-based integral equation formulation is presented for accurately modeling the skin effect from DC to high frequencies. A preconditioning strategy is developed for the efficient iterative solution of the resulting system of equations. Realistic numerical examples demonstrate (a) the accuracy of the formulation, and (b) the effectiveness of the preconditioner for a wide range of frequencies and mesh densities.