Re-configurable higher order optical modulation format generator based on microring modulator

The demand for higher data rates, spectral efficiency, and large-scale integration of photonic components has been on the exponential rise in recent years and has pushed the need for energy-efficient devices. In this paper, we have presented a versatile modulator structure to generate higher-order modulation formats-QPSK, 8PSK, 8APSK, and 16APSK using microring modulators (MRM). We have incorporated a low power consuming U-shaped MRM in our proposed structure. The design has been simulated and mathematically analyzed.