Computational Aspects of Characteristic Mode Decomposition: An overview

Nearly all practical applications of the theory of characteristic modes (CMs) involve the use of computational tools. This article is the second in a series of five on CM
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. Here, we review the general transformations that move CMs from a continuous theoretical framework to a discrete representation compatible with numerical methods. We also review key concepts encountered across a variety of numerical CM implementations. These include modal tracking, dynamic range, code validation, and techniques related to electrically large problems.