A Novel Local Explainability Approach for Spectral Insight into Raw EEG-based Deep Learning Classifiers

Spectral analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data has developed as an important area of EEG research. EEG spectra have been analyzed with explainable machine learning and deep learning methods. However, as deep learning has developed, many studies have used raw EEG data, which is poorly suited for traditional explainability methods. Several studies have introduced methods for spectral insight into classifiers trained on raw EEG data. These studies have provided global insight into the frequency bands important to a classifier but not local insight into the frequency bands important to the classification of individual samples. Local explainability could be particularly helpful for EEG domains like sleep stage classification that feature multiple evolving states. We present a novel local spectral explainability approach and use it to explain a convolutional neural network trained for automated sleep stage classification. We use our approach to show how the importance of frequency bands varies over time and even within the same sleep stages. Also, to better understand how our approach compares to existing methods, we compare a global estimate of spectral importance generated from our local results with an existing global spectral importance approach. We find that the δ band is most important for most sleep stages, though ß is most important for the non-rapid eye movement 2 (NREM2) sleep stage. Additionally, 0 is particularly important for identifying Awake and NREM1 samples. Our study represents the first approach developed for local spectral insight into deep learning classifiers trained on raw EEG time series.