Bi-level Two-stage Stochastic Operation of Hydrogen-based Microgrids in a Distribution System

This paper deals with the bi-level two-stage operation scheduling of hydrogen-based microgrids within a distribution system where the wind and solar generation and load demands are considered as uncertain variables. The distribution system is considered as a leader in the upper level and microgrids as followers in the lower level. Unlike previous approaches, the upper-level is within the day-ahead market and considered a deterministic problem, and the lower-level is considered a stochastic problem and consists of two stages. The first stage determines the purchasing power from the distribution system, while the second stage adjusts the outputs and power dispatch for any realizations of scenarios. This model is transformed from a bi-level to a linear single-level model by applying the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) optimally conditions, strong duality, and Fortuny-Amat methods. Several comparisons have been carried out regarding the single clearing price for all microgrids or separate prices for each microgrid. Furthermore, power exchange and dispatch in the distribution system are investigated under the mentioned frameworks.