Utility-Scale Energy Storage Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Their Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Conventional utility grids with power stations generate electricity only when needed, and the power is to be consumed instantly. This paradigm has drawbacks, including delayed demand response, massive energy waste, and weak system controllability and resilience. Energy storage systems (ESSs) are effective tools to solve these problems, and they play an essential role in the development of the smart and green grid. This article discusses ESSs applied in utility grids.