Dynamics of Laser-Charged UAVs: A Battery Perspective

In this article, we aim to sustain unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based missions for longer periods of times through different techniques. First, we consider on-the-mission UAV recharging by a low-power laser source (below 1 kW). In order to achieve the maximal energy gain from the low-power laser source, we propose an operational compromise, which consists of the UAV resting over buildings with cleared line of sight to the laser source. Second, to provide a precise energy consumption/harvesting estimation at the UAV, we investigate the latter's dynamics in a mission environment. Indeed, we study the UAV's battery dynamics by leveraging the electrical models for motors and battery. Subsequently, using these models, the path planning problem in a particular Internet-of-Things-based usecase is revisited from the battery perspective. The objective is to extend the UAV's operation time using both laser-charging and accurate battery level estimation. Through a graph theory approach, the problem is solved optimally, and compared to benchmark trajectory approaches. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of this novel battery perspective for all path planning approaches. In contrast, we found that the energy perspective is very conservative and does not exploit optimally the available energy resources. Nevertheless, we propose a simple adjustment method to correct the energy perspective, by carefully evaluating the energy as a function of the UAV motion regimes. Finally, the impact of several parameters, such as turbulence and distance to charging source, is studied.