Influence of the TiO2 Compact Electron Transport Layer on the Planar Perovskite Solar Cell Performance

In this study, a high-quality TiO
2
compact layer (CL) is prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Deposition (SPD), which is employed as a potential ETL for the realization of PSCs. To optimize the ETL, the thickness of the TiO
2
-CL is varied from 20 nm to 200 nm with a step size of 20 nm, where the photovoltaic performance of each is systematically computed. The optics of the solar cell is investigated by 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations, where electrical parameters are analyzed through finite element method simulations. The optimized thickness of the TiO
2
-CL ETL exhibits a maximum energy conversion efficiency of 19.46%. Detailed guidelines for the optimization process and device design are provided.