Learning and Intelligence in Human-Cyber-Physical Systems: Framework and Perspective

Industry 4.0 or smart manufacturing is often regarded as cyber-physical systems exclude humans. However, humans are still the designers of these so-called human-out-the-loop systems. Humans are very important elements of Industry 4.0, especially with regard to learning and intelligence, even though the human’s role and full integration in these systems is often overlooked. This paper proposes a unified framework to further the understanding of learning and intelligence in human-cyber-physical systems (HCPS) and to provide a more realistic and holistic understanding of Industry 4.0. The elements and sub-systems of HCPS learning and intelligence are introduced, and the applications and challenges for implementation of human-centered Industry 4.0 are discussed.