Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Experiment and Simulation of Bubbles in Ship Wakes

The bubbles have a huge influence on the passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) radiation of ship wakes. The bubble distribution is able to be simulated based on the semi-empirical formula of Kelvin wake and turbulence energy attenuation spectrum. With the Maxwell-Garnett (MG) theory, the PMMW radiation of bubbles in different conditions can be calculated. Furthermore, the imaging experiment results are in a good agreement with the mathematical calculation results, which confirms the validity of the simulation model.