Discussion on the choice of the antenna for ambient radio-frequency power density measurement systems

This paper focuses on the calculation of the incident power density using various antennas: a basic dipole, a two-arm dipole and a three-arm dipole, all with a single access. A deterministic channel is considered and modelled by an incident plane wave with an electric field amplitude of 100V/m. It is shown that the dipole gives inaccurate power density estimation with error up to 100%. With the two-arm dipole (array of two orthogonal dipoles having a single access), the results still include errors up to 100% even though the blind zones are reduced. However, with the three-arm dipole (array of three orthogonal dipoles having a single access), the blind zones are completely removed, providing more accurate results with less than 1% relative errors. These results are theoretically formulated and validated with the Finite Integration Technique performed by CST.