Performance Study of a Radio-Frequency Field-Penetrable PET Insert for Simultaneous PET/MRI

Hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has risen to the cutting edge of medical imaging technology as it allows simultaneous acquisition of structural, functional, and molecular information of the patient. A PET insert that can be installed into existing MR systems can in principle reduce the cost barriers for an existing MR site to achieve simultaneous PET/MRI compared to procuring an integrated PET+MRI system. The PET insert systems developed so far for PET/MRI require the radio-frequency (RF) transmitter coil to reside inside the PET ring as those PET inserts block the RF fields from the MRI system. Here we report for the first time on the performance of a full-ring brain-sized “RF-penetrable” PET insert we have recently completed. This insert allows the RF fields generated by the built-in body coil to penetrate the PET ring. The PET insert comprises a ring of 16 detector modules employing electro-optical coupled signal transmission and a multiplexing framework based on compressed sensing. Energy resolution, coincidence timing resolution (CTR), photopeak position, and coincidence count rate were acquired outside and inside a 3-Tesla MRI system under simultaneous acquisition to evaluate the impact of MRI on the PET performance. Coincidence count rate performance was evaluated by acquiring a cylinder source with high initial activity decaying over time. Tomographic imaging of two phantoms, a custom 6.5-cm diameter resolution phantom with hot rods of four different sizes (2.8-, 3.2-, 4.2-, and 5.2-mm diameter) and a 3-D Hoffman brain phantom, were performed to evaluate the imaging capability of the PET insert. The energy resolution at 511 keV and CTR acquired by the PET insert were 16.2 ± 0.1% and 5.3 ± 0.1 ns full width at half maximum, respectively, and remained stable during MRI operation except when the echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence was applied. The PET system starts to show saturation in coincidence count rate at 2.76 million photon counts per second. Most of the 2.8-mm diameter hot rods and main features of the 3-D Hoffman brain phantom were resolved by the PET insert, demonstrating its high spatial resolution and capability to image a complex tracer distribution mimicking that seen in the human brain.