DC Railway Simulation Including Controllable Power Electronic and Energy Storage Devices

This paper presents a comprehensive set of steady-state models to be included in power flow simulation studies of dc railway networks. This simulation framework covers all important aspects and features of each element of modern dc railways. The proposed models are simplified to achieve the maximum simulation speed while keeping the required accuracy. Not only nonreversible, controlled, and uncontrolled reversible substations are considered, but also onboard and offboard accumulation systems. The train model can consider the low network receptivity (overvoltage protection for trains equipped with regenerative braking) and overcurrent protection. It is also possible to include in the simulation dc/dc links between nodes of the railway network at the same or different voltage. To date, there is no other work able to conjugate all the mentioned models in a complex multitrain scenario.