Passive acoustic mapping of cavitation based on frequency sum and robust capon beamformer

Real-time dynamic monitoring of cavitation is essential for the safety and efficiency of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy. Unlike pulse-echo imaging, which can only be of use while HIFU is turned off, passive acoustic mapping (PAM) can enable monitoring of cavitation during HIFU exposure. But the conventional used PAM has low resolution and interference artifacts. For this, a unique PAM algorithm that combines frequency-sum beamforming with robust Capon beamformer (FS-RCB-PAM) was proposed in this study.