Adaptive IEEE 802.15.4 MAC for Throughput and Energy Optimization

IEEE 802.15.4 defines a popular MAC standard for wireless sensor and actuator networks. With the default parameters, under medium to high load, 802.15.4 generates excessive collisions and packet losses. Low duty cycles even exacerbate the problem, because more nodes become active after long periods of sleep and contend for channel access. In this paper, we have applied the models that led to the Idle Sense access method for 802.11 to the 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA, taking into account the central role of the coordinator and also the bursty nature of the traffic. Surprisingly, the approach perfectly applies to 802.15.4 even if the principles of the two access methods fundamentally differ. Based on the model, we propose ABE, an adaptation method that adjusts the contention window to optimal values so that the network obtains high throughput along with low duty cycles leading to low energy consumption. The method converges to near-optimal back off values even under bursty traffic and for any number of contending nodes.