Loading web-font TeX/Math/Italic
Driving and Braking Torque Distribution Methods for Front- and Rear-Wheel-Independent Drive-Type Electric Vehicles on Roads With Low Friction Coefficient | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore

Driving and Braking Torque Distribution Methods for Front- and Rear-Wheel-Independent Drive-Type Electric Vehicles on Roads With Low Friction Coefficient


Abstract:

This paper focuses on the development of a front- and rear-wheel-independent drive-type electric vehicle (EV) (FRID EV) as a next-generation EV. The ideal characteristics...Show More

Abstract:

This paper focuses on the development of a front- and rear-wheel-independent drive-type electric vehicle (EV) (FRID EV) as a next-generation EV. The ideal characteristics of a FRID EV promote good performance and safety and are the result of structural features that independently control the driving and braking torques of the front and rear wheels. The first characteristic is the failsafe function. This function enables vehicles to continue running without any unexpected or sudden stops, even if one of the propulsion systems fails. The second characteristic is a function that performs efficient acceleration and deceleration on all road surfaces. This function works by distributing the driving or braking torques to the front and rear wheels, taking into consideration load movement. The third characteristic ensures that the vehicle runs safely on roads with a low friction coefficient (μ), such as icy roads. In this paper, we propose a driving torque distribution method when cornering and a braking torque distribution method; these methods are related to the third characteristic, and they are particularly effective when driving on roads with ultralow μ. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed torque control methods through simulations and experiments on the ultralow-μ road surface with a μ of 0.1.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics ( Volume: 59, Issue: 10, October 2012)
Page(s): 3919 - 3933
Date of Publication: 03 February 2012

ISSN Information:

Citations are not available for this document.

I. Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming important, not only as an environmental measure against global warming but also as an industrial policy [1]. In order for them to be used widely, the next-generation EVs must be safe and perform well. The propulsion force generation mechanism (i.e., motor-drive structure), which strongly influences the safety and running performance of the vehicle, is crucial to meeting such requirements. However, completed systematic research into the propulsion force generating mechanism of EVs has been limited [2]–[5], and studies on failsafe control in the event of failure of the electronic parts that constitute the drive systems of EVs [6]–[10] are nearly completed. Since the unexpected behavior of the vehicle that occurs at the time of failure may induce a serious traffic accident, the failsafe structure of the drive systems that generates the propulsion force should also be examined, taking vehicle stability at the time of failure into consideration. In addition, the drive structure should be constituted so that the running performance is sufficient in vehicles that must continue running in a stable way on various road surfaces.

Propulsion force generation mechanisms in conventional EVs and the FRID EV. (a) Front- or rear-wheel drive-type EV. (b) Two or four in-wheel drive-type EV. (c) FRID EV.

Issues on the safety occurring during running on low- road surfaces. (a) Steering operations. (b) ABS operations.

Cites in Papers - |

Cites in Papers - IEEE (59)

Select All
1.
Author Yi-You Lin, Ching-Ming Lai, "Developing Diesel Truck to Electric: A Practical Case", 2024 10th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications (PESA), pp.1-6, 2024.
2.
Yaoyao Tan, Xiaojie Su, Chao Shen, Jiangshuai Huang, "Motion Tracking Control of Six-Wheel Skid-Steering Electric Vehicles via Two-Level-Sequence-Based Integrated Algorithm", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.71, no.11, pp.14937-14945, 2024.
3.
Han Luo, Mamatjan Tursun, "Research on Brake Stability Control Strategy for Distributed Electric Vehicles", 2024 7th International Conference on Advanced Algorithms and Control Engineering (ICAACE), pp.899-906, 2024.
4.
Mengjie Tian, Qixiang Zhang, Duanyang Tian, Liqiang Jin, Jianhua Li, Feng Xiao, "Pre-Stability Control for In-Wheel-Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles With Dynamic State Prediction", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, vol.9, no.3, pp.4541-4554, 2024.
5.
Junnian Wang, Chunlin Zhang, Dachang Guo, Fang Yang, Zhenhao Zhang, Mengyuan Zhao, "Drive-Cycle-Based Configuration Design and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Dual-Motor 4WD System With Two-Speed Transmission for Electric Vehicles", IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol.10, no.1, pp.1887-1899, 2024.
6.
Qingyu Meng, Hongyan Guo, Yanran Liu, Hong Chen, Dongpu Cao, "Trajectory Prediction for Automated Vehicles on Roads With Lanes Partially Covered by Ice or Snow", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.72, no.6, pp.6972-6986, 2023.
7.
Utkal Ranjan Muduli, Abdul R. Beig, Khaled Al Jaafari, Khalifa Al Hosani, Ameena Saad Al-Sumaiti, Ranjan Kumar Behera, "Dual Motor Power Sharing Control for Electric Vehicles With Battery Power Management", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.70, no.12, pp.12024-12035, 2023.
8.
Wolfgang Degel, Stefan Lupberger, Dirk Odenthal, Naim Bajcinca, "Scalable Slip Control With Torque Vectoring Including Input-to-State Stability Analysis", IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol.31, no.3, pp.1250-1265, 2023.
9.
Debao Kong, Chang Liu, Maoyuan Cui, Ying Lv, Kewang Liu, Hongyan Guo, "Yaw Stability Control of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Torque Optimal Distribution in Ice and Snow Environment", 2022 6th CAA International Conference on Vehicular Control and Intelligence (CVCI), pp.1-7, 2022.
10.
Tong Shen, Guodong Yin, Yanjun Ren, Fanxun Wang, Bin Feng, Jinhao Liang, "Stability and Maneuverability Guaranteed Torque Distribution Strategy of DDEV in Handling Limit: A Novel LSTM-LMI Approach", IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol.27, no.6, pp.5647-5658, 2022.
11.
Thanh-Anh Huynh, Po-Hsun Chen, Min-Fu Hsieh, "Analysis and Comparison of Operational Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Traction Units Combining Two Different Types of Motors", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.71, no.6, pp.5727-5742, 2022.
12.
Wenfei Ji, Ziwang Lu, Guangyu Tian, "An Adaptive MPC Slip Controller for Hub Motor Driven Vehicles with a Novel Linearization Method", 2022 International Symposium on Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering (ISEEIE), pp.272-277, 2022.
13.
Utkal Ranjan Muduli, Abdul R. Beig, Ranjan Kumar Behera, Khaled Al Jaafari, Jamal Y. Alsawalhi, "Predictive Control With Battery Power Sharing Scheme for Dual Open-End-Winding Induction Motor Based Four-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.69, no.6, pp.5557-5568, 2022.
14.
Utkal Ranjan Muduli, Khaled Al Jaafari, Ranjan Kumar Behera, Abdul R. Beig, Jamal Y. Alsawalhi, "Predictive Control based Battery Power Sharing for Four-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle", 2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), pp.817-821, 2021.
15.
Liviu Popescu, Laurenţiu Dumitran, Alexandru Stanescu, "Multi-motor solutions for electric vehicles", 2021 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Electricity (ICATE), pp.1-6, 2021.
16.
Utkal Ranjan Muduli, Abdul R. Beig, Khaled Al Jaafari, Jamal Y. Alsawalhi, Ranjan Kumar Behera, "Interrupt-Free Operation of Dual-Motor Four-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle Under Inverter Failure", IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol.7, no.1, pp.329-338, 2021.
17.
Qi Huang, Ling Luo, Jichao Cao, "Investigation of Axial Flux Near-Wheel motor for Electric Vehicle", 2020 IEEE 9th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC2020-ECCE Asia), pp.2214-2221, 2020.
18.
Utkal Ranjan Muduli, Abdul R. Beig, Khaled Al Jaafari, Jamal Y. Alsawalhi, Ranjan Kumar Behera, "An Improved Direct Torque Control with Battery Power Management of Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive for Electric Vehicles", 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), pp.6332-6337, 2020.
19.
Qiping Chen, Sheng Kang, Hui Chen, Yu Liu, Jie Bai, "Acceleration Slip Regulation of Distributed Driving Electric Vehicle Based on Road Identification", IEEE Access, vol.8, pp.144585-144591, 2020.
20.
Qingti Guo, "A Robust Traction Control Platform for AWD Vehicles With AWD TMU and eLSD", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.69, no.8, pp.8395-8406, 2020.
21.
Francesco Pretagostini, Laura Ferranti, Giovanni Berardo, Valentin Ivanov, Barys Shyrokau, "Survey on Wheel Slip Control Design Strategies, Evaluation and Application to Antilock Braking Systems", IEEE Access, vol.8, pp.10951-10970, 2020.
22.
Huiyuan Xiong, Zhirong Tan, Ronghui Zhang, Shan He, "A New Dual Axle Drive Optimization Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles Using Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol.16, no.4, pp.2574-2582, 2020.
23.
Wenfei Li, Haiping Du, Weihua Li, "Four-Wheel Electric Braking System Configuration With New Braking Torque Distribution Strategy for Improving Energy Recovery Efficiency", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol.21, no.1, pp.87-103, 2020.
24.
Yahya Koraz, Mohamed Youssef, "Rapid Prototyping Testing Technique for Electric Vehicle Propulsion Systems Utilizing Real-Time Hardware in-the-Loop (HIL) Device", 2019 IEEE Conference on Power Electronics and Renewable Energy (CPERE), pp.228-231, 2019.
25.
Thanh Anh Huynh, Min-Fu Hsieh, "Analysis of Operational Characteristics of Traction Unit Combining Two Different Motors and Their Behaviors in Driving Cycle", 2019 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), pp.1-6, 2019.
26.
Huang Qi, Luo Ling, Zhu Liwei, "Design and Research of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicle", 2019 IEEE 3rd International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC), pp.1918-1923, 2019.
27.
Wei Wang, Xinbo Chen, Junmin Wang, "Motor/Generator Applications in Electrified Vehicle Chassis—A Survey", IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol.5, no.3, pp.584-601, 2019.
28.
Dejun Wang, Qianhui Yang, Pingxin Ge, "Diffeomorphism Transformation Based Disturbance Rejection Control and Its Allocation of Vehicle Dynamic Stable Systems", IEEE Access, vol.7, pp.105734-105745, 2019.
29.
Yan Ma, Jinyang Zhao, Haiyan Zhao, Chao Lu, Hong Chen, "MPC-Based Slip Ratio Control for Electric Vehicle Considering Road Roughness", IEEE Access, vol.7, pp.52405-52413, 2019.
30.
Fahim Faisal, Mirza Muntasir Nishat, Md. Rasel Mia, "An Investigation on DC Motor Braking System by Implementing Electromagnetic Relay and Timer", 2019 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), pp.1-6, 2019.

Cites in Papers - Other Publishers (51)

1.
Kaikai Zhao, Xiaobin Fan, Zipeng Huang, Xueliang Yu, Linhui Wang, Jiaxing Peng, "A review of drive torque distribution control for distributed drive electric vehicles", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2024.
2.
Thanh Vo-Duy, Bao-Huy Nguyen, João Pedro F. Trovão, Minh C. Ta, "A unified anti-slip cruise control strategy for electric vehicles", Nonlinear Dynamics, 2024.
3.
N. Mohanraj, K. Parkavi Kathirvelu, R. Balasubramanian, R. Sankaran, Rengarajan Amirtharajan, "Design of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drive System for Energy Recouping in an Electric Automobile", Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2023.
4.
Yawei Chen, Qian Cheng, Huafu Gan, Xixiang Hao, Chenheng Yuan, "Lateral Stability Control of a Distributed Electric Vehicle Using a New Sliding Mode Controler", International Journal of Automotive Technology, vol.24, no.4, pp.1089, 2023.
5.
Arash Mousaei, Huei Peng, "A new control method for the steadiness of electric vehicles with 2-motor in rear and front wheels", International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol.0, no.0, 2023.
6.
Arash Mousaei, Huei Peng, , 2023.
7.
Vo Thanh Ha, "Torque Control of an In-Wheel Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Electric Vehicles", Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol.13, no.2, pp.10357, 2023.
8.
َAbdelhalim Bensaada, Belgacem Choungache, Rbih Zaitri, "Influence of the Incorporation of Alluvial Sand on the Mechanical Behavior of Marl Soil", Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol.13, no.2, pp.10363, 2023.
9.
Takahiro Ishikawa, Kenniti Hamamoto, Kiminao Kogiso, "Trajectory tracking switching control system for autonomous crawler dump under varying ground condition", Automation in Construction, vol.148, pp.104740, 2023.
10.
Yawei Shen, Youqun Zhao, Huifan Deng, Fen Lin, Huan Shen, "Coordinated control of stability and economy of distributed drive electric vehicle based on Lyapunov adaptive theory", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, pp.095440702211470, 2023.
11.
Vo Thanh Ha, Pham Thi Giang, "Field—Weakening Control with Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA) for Electric Vehicle (EV) Application", Computational Intelligence Methods for Green Technology and Sustainable Development, vol.567, pp.531, 2023.
12.
U. Arun Kumar, C. S. Ravichandran, W. Rajan Babu, "Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy and PID-Based Regenerative System for E-Vehicles", Soft Computing for Security Applications, vol.1428, pp.379, 2023.
13.
Shuwen He, Xiaobin Fan, Quanwei Wang, Xinbo Chen, Shuaiwei Zhu, "Review on Torque Distribution Scheme of Four-Wheel In-Wheel Motor Electric Vehicle", Machines, vol.10, no.8, pp.619, 2022.
14.
Hongchao Wu, Huanhuan Zhang, Yixuan Feng, "MPC-Based Obstacle Avoidance Path Tracking Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles", World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol.13, no.12, pp.221, 2022.
15.
Cong Guo, Chunyun Fu, Ronghua Luo, Guanlong Yang, "Energy-oriented car-following control for a front- and rear-independent-drive electric vehicle platoon", Energy, vol.257, pp.124732, 2022.
16.
Qiang He, Yang Yang, Chang Luo, Jun Zhai, Ronghua Luo, Chunyun Fu, "Energy recovery strategy optimization of dual-motor drive electric vehicle based on braking safety and efficient recovery", Energy, vol.248, pp.123543, 2022.
17.
Cristian-Liviu Popescu, Laureţiu Marius Dumitran, Alexandru Stănescu, "Simulation of Multi-Motor Propulsion System for Energy Efficiency in Electric Vehicles", Annals of the University of Craiova, Electrical Engineering Series, vol.45, no.1, pp.75, 2022.
18.
A. A. Umnitsyn, S. V. Bakhmutov, "Evaluation of compliance with the current standards requirements regarding the anti-lock braking system effectiveness of an electric vehicle with mixed braking support", Trudy NAMI, no.2, pp.51, 2022.
19.
Yongqiang Zhao, Jun Li, Chang Li, "Longitudinal Driving Force Distribution of Four In-wheel Motors Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Logic", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol.2216, no.1, pp.012007, 2022.
20.
Wenfei Li, Huiyun Li, Zhejun Huang, Jia Liu, Shaobo Dang, Haiping Du, "A new braking torque distribution strategy based on braking actuator characteristics and a command signal for a blended braking system", IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 2022.
21.
Sangeeta Singh, Kushagra Pani Tiwari, Ananya Shahi, Marut Nandan Singh, Shivam Tripathi, "Efficiency Improvement for Regenerative Braking System for a Vehicular Model Using Supercapacitor", Machine Learning, Advances in Computing, Renewable Energy and Communication, vol.768, pp.327, 2022.
22.
Yufeng Lian, Shuaishi Liu, Zhongbo Sun, Keping Liu, Zhigen Nie, Chongwen Tian, "A Braking Force Distribution Strategy for Four-in-Wheel-Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles on Roads with Different Friction Coefficients", International Journal of Automotive Technology, vol.22, no.4, pp.1057, 2021.
23.
Xiaoyu Li, Nan Xu, Konghui Guo, Yanjun Huang, "An adaptive SMC controller for EVs with four IWMs handling and stability enhancement based on a stability index", Vehicle System Dynamics, vol.59, no.10, pp.1509, 2021.
24.
Zhiyong Zhang, Bohao Li, Caixia Huang, Wenguang Wu, "Collaborative control of lateral stability and braking performance of vehicles during braking-in-turn maneuver", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol.235, no.5, pp.1364, 2021.
25.
Hiroyuki Fuse, Hiroshi Fujimoto, "Driving force controller considering lateral slip based on brush model for traction control of independent‐four‐wheel‐drive electric vehicle", Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol.214, no.1, pp.52, 2021.
26.
Qingxian Li, Liangjiang Liu, Xiaofang Yuan, "Model Predictive Controller-Based Optimal Slip Ratio Control System for Distributed Driver Electric Vehicle", Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol.2020, pp.1, 2020.
27.
Hong-chao Wang, Wei-wei Zhang, Xun-cheng Wu, Hao-tian Cao, Qiao-ming Gao, Su-yun Luo, "A double-layered nonlinear model predictive control based control algorithm for local trajectory planning for automated trucks under uncertain road adhesion coefficient conditions", Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, vol.21, no.7, pp.1059, 2020.
28.
Alex Archela, Dario Guilherme Toginho, Leonimer Flávio de Melo, "Torque Control of a DC Motor with a State Space Estimator and Kalman Filter Applied in Electrical Vehicles", Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions, 2020.
29.
Ziyou Song, Heath Hofmann, Jianqiu Li, Yuanying Wang, Dongbin Lu, Minggao Ouyang, Jiuyu Du, "Torque Distribution Strategy for Multi-PMSM Applications and Optimal Acceleration Control for Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicles", Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, vol.142, no.2, 2020.
30.
Zijian Zhang, Yangyang Dong, Yanwei Han, "Dynamic and Control of Electric Vehicle in Regenerative Braking for Driving Safety and Energy Conservation", Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies, vol.8, no.1, pp.179, 2020.
Contact IEEE to Subscribe

References

References is not available for this document.