The AC photovoltaic module

This paper describes the design, development and performance of a large-area photovoltaic module whose electrical output is AC power suitable for direct connection to the utility grid. The AC PV module, developed with support from the US DOE and NREL under the PV:BONUS Program, incorporates a dedicated, integrally mounted, high-efficiency 250 Watt DC-to-AC inverter that is fully compatible with 120 V, 60 Hz utility power. We call this concept an AC photovoltaic module or in context, simply an AC Module. Because of its ease of use and wide appeal, the AC PV module may be considered the first photovoltaic appliance. The module's output may be connected directly to a building's conventional AC distribution system without need for DC wiring, string combiners, DC ground-fault protection or additional power-conditioning equipment. The AC module has the potential to become the first photovoltaic power "building product", as it can be marketed as a complete, packaged solution for the emerging residential rooftop and commercial demand-side management markets.