Surface induced latchup in VLSI CMOS circuits

Experimental as well as theoretical results on the latch-up effect in CMOS structures with and without an epitaxial layer are presented. In structures with an epitaxial layer the critical current for latchup firing is two orders of magnitude higher and latchup is essentially surface controlled. The strong surface effect observed is a consequence of the gate influence of surface conduction of the field oxide MOSFET's and on current gains of the bipolar transistors. Latch-up sensitivity can be decreased by increasing p
⁺
/p-well and n
⁺
/n-well spacing, by decreasing expitaxial layer thickness and by increasing substrate doping. In reducing the lateral dimensions, short-channel effects of the field oxide transistors imply the most severe limitations for latch-up immunity.