Analyses for stoichiometry and for Hydrogen and Oxygen in silicon nitride films

Optical, ion, and electron probe techniques can be effectively applied to analyze for H, O, and the Si/N ratio in thin films of silicon nitride. The films studied were formed by chemical-vapor deposition or plasma deposition for application as a gate dielectric in semiconductor memory devices and for circuit encapsulation. The H concentration is measured by the multiple internal reflection technique which detects NH and SiH vibrational modes. A decrease in SiH bonding with an increase in deposition temperature is shown for chemical-vapor-deposited silicon nitride, and a very high concentration of SiH bonds is observed in plasma-deposited silicon nitride. Ion back-scattering analysis is a direct method for measuring the Si/N ratio and a related nuclear reaction analysis technique is a direct method for measuring and profiling the O content. Backscattering analysis shows a significantly larger Si/N ratio for plasma than for chemical-vapor-deposited silicon nitride. The O profile obtained by reaction analysis for a nitride/oxide/Si structure is compared to that obtained by sputter Auger electron spectroscopy, and the results show that O concentrations down to ∼0.5 at % can be measured by either technique. Auger analysis gives better depth resolution than reaction analysis but it requires a calibration standard. Auger results also show N penetration of interfacial SiO
2
and accumulation of N at the Si-SiO
2
interface.