A COMSOL Multiphysics for Poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA hydrogel effect on Photovoltaic solar cell by using heat transfer module

Today, renewable energy sources are utilised globally, with solar energy being one of the most prominent. However, the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules is significantly reduced due to high surface temperatures. For every degree Celsius above 25°C, the power output of PV modules decreases by an average of 0.3%. This study explores the efficacy of employing a poly (vinyl alcohol)-based active cooling system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. An existing study on such cooling systems is reviewed, and a modelling of the cooling system using the heat transfer module in COMSOL Multiphysics is conducted. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of this cooling method by evaluating the possible surface temperatures of PV modules with the active cooling system. The results will assess the feasibility of using PVA and PNIPAM hydrogel as a cooling mechanism and its potential impact on the efficiency of PV modules.