Java Benchmark Performance of Homomorphic Polynomial Public Key Cryptography for Key Encapsulation and Digital Signature

In this paper, we present a comprehensive benchmarking analysis of Homomorphic Polynomial Public Key (HPPK) cryptography, focusing on its Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) and Digital Signature (DS) implementations in Java. Leveraging high-level language implementations, we showcase the outstanding performance of HPPK, demonstrating clock cycles approximately doubled in comparison to its C counterparts. This significant achievement positions HPPK as a versatile and high-performance cryptographic solution, paving the way for extensive applications across various domains. Our study builds upon earlier benchmarking endeavors in C, where Kuang et al. reported exceptional results using the Supercop Toolkit. By transitioning to Java, a high-level language, we highlight the adaptability and efficiency of HPPK, making it accessible for a broader range of applications. The observed doubling of clock cycles in Java implementations underscores the remarkable performance achievable with high-level languages, reinforcing HPPK's standing as a robust and efficient post-quantum cryptographic solution. Through meticulous examination and comparison of key cryptographic operations, including key generation, encapsulation, decapsulation, signing, and verification, our paper provides valuable insights into the practical viability of HPPK in Java. The implications extend to diverse applications such as blockchain, digital currency, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where HPPK's superior performance can be harnessed effectively.